Letters Home From Nigeria 1949-1950 by Keith Arrowsmith

 

Preface

Keith Arrowsmith Postings and Letters After one year at Cambridge I joined the Army, shortly before my 19th birthday. I applied and was selected for the Indian Army and arrived at Bombay in December 1943. Most of my Army service was done in India and came to an end in 1947. Looking to the future, I applied for appointment as an Administrative Officer in the Colonial Service. I was successful and was selected for Nigeria. Before going there, I did another academic year at Gonville & Caius, Cambridge, and obtained a BA degree. I received some preparation for what lay ahead by going on the "Devonshire Course", and I left by sea for Lagos in January 1949. These are the letters I wrote to my parents in 1949-1950, while on my first tour. I spent eight years in Nigeria during my Colonial Service of twenty years.

Letter 1: c/o The Secretariat, Enugu, Nigeria, m.v. 'Tarkwa' Jan 20th 1949

My Dear Mother and Father, How are you getting on in the frozen north? I am revelling at being back in warm climes. At present the weather is just right: a bright sun, blue sky and a breeze during the day; and a nip in the air at night. After writing my postcard to you in Liverpool, I met my friend Christopher Spafford for lunch. After eating, he showed me around the cathedral- a most impressive building, and a good last memory of England to take away with me. I went straight from the cathedral to the same customs shed as I went through on my return from Singapore. There I had my first sight of my fellow passengers 40 in all- and about half of whom are chaps who had been on the same colonial service course as me. Having finished with the customs, to my surprise, all the passengers for the Tarkwa piled into a double-decker bus; and we were driven to a dock a little further down the river, where our ship was berthed. We went on board at 4:30 p.m., and we sailed two hours later. The Tarkwa is a cargo ship of 7400 tonnes. Normally she carries only 10 firstclass passengers, one in each of the 10 cabins. On this trip there are four of us to a cabin. There are only first-class passengers on board; though I am told that at Freetown we are likely to get some African deck passengers. Except for a certain congestion in the cabins, life on-board is very pleasant. Water is always boiling hot, and baths can always be had. There is plenty of deck space to lie around in and enjoy the sun, there is also space for certain games. I am lucky in being one of the second sitting at meals, which means I don't need to get up until 8 in the morning, fortunately too I am not at the captain's table, so do not have to remain seated until he thinks fit to rise. After my previous experience of sea voyages on troop ships, the present trip is sheer bliss. Personally I am pleased that this is a small ship, for it means that things are more informal... I do a lot of eating, a lot of reading, and very little exercise. Before dinner most evenings I do some Ibo with a friend, after dinner I usually indulge in a game of bridge, a relaxation I don't often permit myself ... I can only add that we have been most fortunate with the weather, and have never had it rough. About half the passengers are people like myself going out to the coast for the first time. Most of the remainder are missionaries of one sort or another. The non-Roman Catholics look and dress like normal human beings, but the Roman Catholic priests remain constantly in their thick black gloomy clerical garb... Fortunately there are no attractive young women on board. This makes life much easier than it might otherwise be! The main item of interest on the voyage so far was our visit to Las Palmas. We tied up there just before midnight on Monday the 17th. At 12:30 passengers went ashore. I sallied forth with three other chaps. We climbed into one of the taxis which were ready waiting on the mole, and without any customs or even passport formalities were driven off into the town. Fortunately it was a really bright moonlit night. We stopped by the cathedral, and from a spacious tiled and palm fringed square we admired its massive frontage. Having more or less seen the town we commissioned our driver to take us to the top of one of the surrounding hills, from where we hoped to get a fine view of the island and its coastline. Arrived at our destination I must confess that our first thoughts were not so much for the lovely view as for finding some fill-belly. Nearby there was a restaurant open, and so at 2:30 a.m. we sat down to dispose of a ham omelette apiece and a cup of ghastly cocoa. Our driver followed us in, and I was surprised how much conversation I was able to have with him and the Barman without knowing any Spanish myself and they being ignorant of English. On our return journey through Las Palmas we stopped to visit the local Covent Garden. Although only 3:30 a.m. there was a lot of bustle going on. We caused some diversion by bargaining for oranges. A grey clad official of some sort did not seem altogether to approve of the presence of mad "Inglisi" at that hour ... At 4:30 a.m. we arrived back at the Tarkwa ... By breakfast time the ship was besieged by hawkers of different wares, whom it was amusing to watch! Shortly after 10 a.m. the Tarkwa sailed ... When you cruised to the Canaries, I expect you too visited Las Palmas? Yesterday I saw two forms of life I had not seen previously - a whale, who obligingly spouted once or twice, and an albatross. Our next stop will be Freetown in Sierra Leone, where we are likely to remain for 24 hours. Our other port of call before Lagos will be Takoradi in the Gold Coast, where we are likely to be for a day or two ... It delights me to have these chances of seeing new lands. love to you all from Keith.

Letter 2: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt, 3rd Feb '49

Dear M & D, Before I do anything else I must drop you a line to let you know that I have reached the end of my journey. We left Lagos on Tuesday evening and the Tarkwa tied up at Port Harcourt (I shall call it P.H. for short in future) at 11 this morning. We were met by an officer of the administrative service, and imagine my surprise when he told me his name was Rushmore - son of the Rushmore that Peter (my brother) and I knew in Cambridge. He helped Kenneth, Timothy Fyffe (Tim) and me to get our stuff through customs. Then he deposited Ken and me at the Government rest house and took Tim to somebody's house. Tim and Ken leave by train tomorrow for up-country. I am told that I am to remain in P.H. for a few weeks under the eye of the Resident. I hope it won't be long before I too am posted to the Bush. I understand that for the next few days I will be living in the rest house, and then will be moving into a flat nearby. When in the flat I will continue to eat in the central dining room of the rest house. I am writing this in the evening seated on the verandah outside our rest house quarters. Chubb, the Resident (my immediate boss), has just visited us. He confirmed that Ken and Tim will be travelling tomorrow. He gave me the unwelcome news that I will be remaining in P.H. until next June - his office is apparently in a mess and needs sorting out... After Lagos, P.H. is one of the most civilised towns in Nigeria it is situated on the New Calabar river, about 40 miles inland. It is a new town built on reclaimed swamp ground. All the way from the sea we steamed between banks of mangrove swamps. Having now driven around P.H. I am quite impressed by the pleasant layout of the place. I myself would never have imagined that it was built on reclaimed land. The roads are well surfaced. There are some reasonable shops and near the rest house there are pull-plugs and English-type baths. The town has too the benefit of electricity ... I believe I am right in saying that as many as 200 Europeans live here. This afternoon I interviewed a would-be steward boy and I now have one, Philip, an Ibo, to minister to my needs. As I shall not be fixing my own meals for the time being, I don't expect to be engaging any other servants just yet. 11 p.m. I have just returned from dining with the Resident. Tim, Ken and George Rushmore were also there. Conversation was rather heavy going, but Chubb seems to be a pleasant chap. I am finishing writing this letter in bed. Once again I lie within the protecting walls of a mosquito net ... lying here I wonder what the future holds in store. I am really only just beginning to realise the actual reality of the new life I am beginning in Africa. Disappointments there will be but I hope I shall find that my job is worthwhile. It is good to know that I am in your thoughts and prayers ... Love to you all from Keith.

Letter 3: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, West Africa. Saturday 19th Feb. 1949.

My Dear M and D, I am glad to say that since writing to you last I have received a little mail. From you I have had an airmail letter dated January 31, and another dated -I think - February 8 and addressed to P.H. From lan Gibson, Dinah (PS from Hugh) and Dudley I have also had letters. They were all very welcome. Makes a great difference when one is "far flung" to know that interest in one's doings is being taken by family and friends ... I gather that all goes well on the home front. Has Goodie fully recovered from her fall? How is your arthritis, M, and your headaches, D? I understand you are having a phenomenally mild winter, so things cannot be too bad. I see you've had my prescription for specs - have they been posted off yet do you know? As regards the collar of mine you found, please put it in my drawer - I have sufficient with me here. How did your New Year social go off, and have you anything further to tell me about the new curate? I am also glad to get any comments you care to give me on world affairs ... I feel a little starved of news of what is going on in the outside world, and will be very grateful if from time to time you would post me an odd paper or magazine ... I am now fairly settled in my new life, which I fear is at present a singularly unglamorous one. The mornings' spend as an "odd stooge" in the Resident's office. Having fairly well sorted out what' was required to, I am now left pretty unoccupied - my main function seems to be to seal confidential letters ... However the army taught me to take what comes in a philosophical manner. At present 'live in a civilised spot with little to do - but who knows when' may not find myself in a pretty uncivilised bit of Bush with a hell of a lot to do! In the afternoons I have been having Ibo instruction from Mr Obi, a schoolmaster at the local Roman Catholic mission school. I find it a little difficult, because Ibo has no stabilised spelling or orthography as yet. Some of what I learned in London I have to forget, because the Ibo spoken here is different ... Last Tuesday evening I went to CMS house, where a chess session is held on Tuesdays. I enjoyed it. I had games with two people, one of them being the Bishop (name of Hall) ... The town is being visited by a naval sloop this week, and on Wednesday there was a hockey match against the ship's team. I played for P.H ... I have also played some tennis. There is I regret no chance of any squash here, there being no court. Nor I regret to say is there anywhere one can bathe ... My leisure hours in the evening are largely taken up with writing a play entitled liThe Silver Wedding", and I frankly confess that it is 90% based on our own family. So far I have only finished the first short act. Should I some day complete it all, I hope you would have no objection to my trying to get it published, produced or what have you. All names are changed and it would be quite ready to write under a pen name ... Last Sunday evening Miss Belcher, the social welfare worker, and I went to Evensong in the CMS church. The Church is quite a good building, with a seating capacity I should say about half of ours (St Mary's Upton - church where my father was rector). The congregation was good, being almost entirely African - there were only about six Europeans there altogether... The singing was very powerful; and although it dragged somewhat and the harmonium made a pretty shocking noise, there was a beauty about it... It amused me to see the bare feet of the choristers appearing below their white cassocks! Service was entirely in English, and was conducted on just the same lines as a Church of England service in England. We are one hour ahead of you here; and when the church clock said 7:30, I pictured you at Evensong ... You will be interested to learn, M, that when you come onto summertime, then our times are the same ... The harmattan has eased off during the past week and it has been pretty hot. The temperature and climate here so far remind me rather of Madras. This afternoon I am making a jaunt. I have got a lift up to Owerri, some 70 miles away. There my Danish friend, George Jenk, and his wife are stationed. I will be spending tonight with them. Then crossing south to Aba tomorrow where I will meet my other friend Tim, and then back to P.H. tomorrow evening ... It will be interesting to see a little of the countryside, which by all accounts is pretty ghastly around here ... It seems likely that before long I will be the proud possessor of a car. Apparently it is pretty necessary to have one. The Government gives an advance, which one pays back over years ... This week I bought a bicycle - an article which Africans set great store by. Greetings, good wishes and love to all - not forgetting my grandmother. .. from Keith.

Letter 4: Port Harcourt. Saturday, February 26th

My dear M and D, What do you think of this ... A typed letter from K.V.A.? I will explain the reason for it. My boss, the resident, thinks it would be a good idea if I knew how to type. Having a lot of time on my hands in the office, I have begun teaching myself. As you see I am still inexpert at the art. Mistakes I make are due to the fact that I am not looking at the keys, and that for the sake of practice I am trying to go as fast as I can. Last weekend was most successful. It was most interesting at last to see a little of the part of Nigeria that I have come to live in. Not that there was anything particularly exciting about the countryside. Around here it is all absolutely flat. Because of the high density of population, the Bush is not very thick by standards prevalent in some parts. Even so however it presents a pretty solid wall all along the road, except where there are villages and settlements. Most of the trees were oil palms. Here and there towered up colossal great trees, which were I think silk cotton trees. As we passed through villages, hordes of impish young children would rush out at us, shouting "Nde Beekee, Nde Beekee" - "English, English". I was amused to see the way in which any bicyclist who saw or heard us coming dismounted and wheeled his bike to the very edge of the road long before we were anywhere near him. I found that I had arrived in Owerri on the day of the provincial sports. I paid my 1/- and with Anne Jenk,the wife of my Danish friend, took a seat in a palm frond pavilion structure, from where we watched the unfortunates out in the sun expending great amounts of energy. After the proceedings we repaired to the D.O's house, where we had drinks on the lawn - I will call it that for want of another word. I spent the night in the guest house in the Shell camp - there are quite a number of Shell people in that neighbourhood prospecting for oil. On Sunday morning I was very hearty and played a game of tennis before breakfast. In the morning, I motored down to Aba with the Jenks. There I met Tim, who gave me lunch in his house. It was fun being able to compare notes with him. I had a delightful bathe with him in the river. In the evening, I got a lift back to PH and we arrived back in time for me to appear rather late at evensong. This past week has slipped by happily, but uneventfully. I continue with my Ibo instruction. I fear I am inclined to get rather annoyed with my instructor sometimes, because he is not very bright and it is a pretty maddening language, at least that is how I regard it after lunch on a hot afternoon. I had my weekly game of hockey on Wednesday. On Tuesday I went and played chess again at CMS house. This evening I shall be wearing tropical evening dress for the first time. I have been invited out to dinner. We shall be going later to a club to dance. The last Saturday of the month is what is called an "open night", and it is the one evening when one is meant to wear glad-rags. I now have a car on order. I have decided to start off my motoring days with a small car. Sometime next month I look forward to being the owner of a new Morris Minor, touring model. To buy a car, the government gives one an advance, which one pays back on a monthly instalment system over a period of two or three years. This is something I have to ask you to do for me: would you please send my birth certificate to: The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 4, Millbank, London SW1, and tell them that you are forwarding it on my behalf for scrutiny in respect of the "Widows and Orphans Pension Scheme". I think you have a copy of my B.C. in a tin box in your study, D. If I am wrong, Lloyds bank anyway have one. Please ask Crown Agents to return B.C. when they have finished with it. The other evening I went for a walk in the town with Chubb, the Resident. I seem to get on quite well with him; and I think he takes a fairly good view of me. His wife has recently come out, but so far I have not seen very much of her. I still have a long way to go before I become speedy at typing. This letter has taken me about 2 Y2 hours! I can assure you that I am thriving out here. I feed well -lots of delicious pork, eggs and fruits ... I'm glad to hear that sweets are coming off the ration. I expect you'll find however that they will become almost impossible to get -love from Keith

Letter 5: Port Harcourt, Saturday, May 5th (posted 7th)

My dear M and D, This past week I have felt for a change that I really am someone. Last Tuesday the resident and his wife went away on tour and I have been holding the fort. To be coping with files and to be in charge of an office again recalls army days. So far I'm glad to say things have gone smoothly. I gave a messenger leave of absence for two days to go away to his village and shift an ailing mother into hospital (query: how authentic was his story?). I have made arrangements for the coming visit of one Metcalfe-Cole, a Sierra-Leonian legislative Council member, to Port Harcourt; I have been in touch with the resident in Calabar over the posting of a clerk to our province; I have dealt with the petition by a local blacksmith, requesting to purchase old railway sleepers, have approved the installation of a telephone in somebody's office and so on ... My duties have kept me pleasantly occupied during office hours, and this week I have had no time to carry on my self-instruction in typewriting. The resident returns on the 12th, and then I shall revert to my former lowly status. Besides holding the fort, I am also housing a dog, or rather a puppy. The resident to my surprise appeared at my flat at 7 a.m. on the morning of his departure - fortunately I had just got out of bed. The purpose of his visit was to ask me whether I would look after his dog. I agreed. Of course it is not so much me as Philip who does the looking after. I hope the creature does not sicken with anything between now and next Saturday! One more week has sped by. Once again I have had my usual chess and hockey engagements. The other morning I had a surprise but welcome visit from George Jenk, who was in P.H. on duty. Tomorrow I hope to go to Aba and meet friend Timothy again. Yesterday evening I made a start on trying to get on with Africans. I invited Ekere, the education officer and his wife round to dinner. They are a young couple, only married two months, and I doubt whether Mrs is 20 yet. I found it fairly easy to talk to Mr - he had been to Exeter University, but it was difficult to get much sense out of Mrs. When I addressed her personally, she giggled at me. After dining, she contented herself looking at a magazine, while I chatted with Mr. The evening was not without its difficulties. Before anybody arrived I told Philip to go to the dining room and remind the head boy that I was bringing one or two guests to dinner for the sake of practice I told him this in Ibo; and he appeared to understand. Unfortunately, however he told the head boy that I was having no guests for dinner. Accordingly when an hour or so later I breezed happily into the dining room with my rather ill at ease couple in tow, I was not welcomed very warmly. Fortunately however the establishment were able to produce some sustenance and Mrs E, I was thankful to see, more or less knew how to handle a knife and fork ... On returning to my flat I was helped out in my entertaining by my friend Geoffrey, who rallied around with a gramophone, and we sat and listened to jazz records. On the whole it went off well, and it was a good thing done. On Monday morning I made a little jaunt with Chubb. We motored out to Isoba, and inspected the building of the new leper settlement that is going on there. It is a government undertaking, and the settlement when completed is intended to serve the needs of this province. As yet they have no patients. Look after yourselves - be good. K.

Letter 6: Port Harcourt, Sat. 12.3.49 (Posted: 14.3.9.)

Dear M & 0, I have once again reverted to my lowly estate. Mr Chubb returned yesterday afternoon. I have handed over the keys and once again sit at my bare table with little to do. I hope that C will consider that business has been adequately conducted in his absence. The past week I have had to forward answers to questions that are going to be asked in this session of the Legislative Council; I have tried to book sea passages for a D.0. and his wife. I have arranged a visit for an eminent Sierra Leonian to Pioneer Oil Mills in the neighbourhood, I have forwarded certificates of insanity of a prisoner convicted of murder to the Powers-that-be ... and so on. The other morning it was necessary for me to have information regarding the covered floor space of schools in P.H. The simplest means of finding out was to visit the said schools. This I did and was interested to have this opportunity of seeing them. I visited the C.M.S. school, the R.C., the Municipal and a private one. The R.C. one was much the largest with 200 pupils. All the children wore a sort of minimum uniform: khaki shorts and a white shirt. I saw very few girls as compared with boys. The children all looked incredibly good and attentive. Of course, out here schooling is the bread of life. There is a story of a well-meaning, high-placed official who on visiting a school asked for a Y2 holiday to be given to the pupils. The pupils raised an outcry at this attempt to do them out of some of their instruction! In the R.C. school I saw my Ibo instructor, Mr Obi, taking his class. He seemed to be delighted to see me, and I went over and had a look at his small boys. His class was one of many seated on a long verandah. I greeted his 10 year olds with a conventional lbo salutation, and they, to my amazement, replied as one man with "Good afternoon, Sir"! A number of classes were being held in the R.e. church beside the school. The e.M.S. school seemed to be a well appointed place, with an agreeable headmaster. The private school appeared to be unpleasantly congested. It is built on a plot measuring only about 50 yards by 50 yards and yet caters for as many as 600 pupils I understand. By the time this reaches you, you will, Isuppose have the children's home on holiday. I trust they are conscientiously studying their books - because, you know, it is really very important that they should be thoroughly acquainted with all that happened in the 15th century, if not before and after and preferably before - if you follow what I mean. Believe me, one cannot hope to progress far in life without knowing what took place in the 15th century. This past week I have been a gay dog. On Sunday I went with Geoff to Aba, where we met and bathed with Tim. On the way back we ran out of petrol and a car-load of Indians kindly pulled us home - they ended up pushing us in their car for the last two hundred yards ... On Tuesday evening I had my usual game of chess. On Wednesday I dined with the local Govt. doctor. Then on Thursday I was invited to join a supper picnic. We motored out to the leper settlement I have already mentioned to you. There by the river we camped and built a fine bonfire. Geoff and I were responsible for cooking sausages, which we did rather well. There was also chicken, lots of ham and fruit tart to eat. The picnickers, some 12 in all, consisted mostly of P.H. Musical Group. When we had finished eating, we gathered around the fire and those who could sang madrigals. Later on, those-who-could were not allowed to join in singing community songs. I give full marks to the Coleridges who organised the jaunt. For some time I had thought they must be a rather good type. This is the social function I have enjoyed most so far in Nigeria ... This afternoon I am expecting Tim to arrive. I am putting him up for the night. You enquire about what sort of things I eat. On the whole the food I get in the dining room of the rest house is much like what one would get in a hotel at home, only there is probably more of it ... For breakfast there is fruit, followed by egg and bacon or liver or sausages - toast and marmalade - tea or coffee. The eggs are considerably smaller than in England. Lunch and dinner are much the same: soup - meat (pork frequently, mutton or beef), fresh potatoes normally but sometimes yam cakes and vegetables more often than not out of a tin - sweet: steamed pudding trifle, fruit salad, baked custard etc. Food at the rest house costs me 10 guineas a month, which is not too bad. In my own flat I have only afternoon tea, consisting of a pot of tea and mashed bananas. In my room I usually have a tin of sweets and biscuits to dip into ... Imported food is expensive: Cadbury's chocolates being 3 to 7 /- a Ib, and biscuits about 5 to 7 /- a lb. Love to all from Keith. PPS. Here in P.H. I can buy a Times Airmail Monday paper on a Thursday, so I keep informed to some extent with what goes on. There is no newspaper of any value printed in this country and all are entirely provincial in outlook and subject matter ... Also I hear the news from London at 8 am (7 am your time).

letter 7: Port Harcourt. Sunday 20th (posted 21st)

My dear M and D, Another week has come and gone, and I have nothing very startling to report. With Chubb back in harness, I remain a non-entity in the office. At the beginning of the week a conference of District Officers was held in his office. For the best part of two mornings there was a long pow-wow on the subject of loca l government, which is rather the burning topic of the moment in this part of the country. I just sat and held my tongue, and was soon heartily fed up with the whole business. In the course of the week I have had to do some confidential typing for Chubb, there being certain things which the clerks must not know about. I have also had the rather dreary job of going through petitions for review of judgements given in the native courts in the Province. The English their petitions are written in is strange and wonderful and pretty difficult to follow. Here is an example to illustrate what I mean; it's an excerpt from a petition relating to a land dispute: "I am today on your leg betting before your worship if you ask two of this head Chiefs known as Akpelu and Ohnoada and they appear before you and said that this land in dispute does not belong to me let me be imprisoned one year and 6 months for the hard labour ... " Pages and pages of such gibberish tend to grow tedious - and when they launch into genealogical details that is the end! The arrangements I made for the stay of Mr Metcalfe-Cole proved to be satisfactory, and he seemed well pleased with his visit... Timothy's visit last weekend went off well. He arrived on Saturday evening. Together with Geoffrey we went to the flicks after dinner. I slept on the spare bed in my room. On Sunday morning we played several games of tennis at the club. We lunched to repletion on If ground-nut chop", an excellent local dish. In the afternoon we took a couple of groundsheets and cushions and lay on the golf course, making a small diversion out to the edge of the creeks. At high tide in the light of the setting sun, the mangrove swamps almost looked attractive ... We went to Evensong in the C.M.S. church where we saw the Bishop license a lay-reader. Back to the rest house for dinner; and then with Geoffrey, again to the club, where we listened to a very enjoyable gramophone concert. At the end of the concert Tim had to make speedy tracks for Aba 40 odd miles away, where he is stationed. This has been a pretty quiet week. Tuesday I had my usual chess and to my surprise trounced the star player. On Wednesday I gave tea to a pleasant D.O., with a wife and small boy. Yesterday I had Miss Belcher, a woman staying in the rest house, and an accountant of the United Africa Company in for a drink. After dinner in the rest house, I stood them a cinema show. We saw an excellent film: "Nicholas Nickelby". I quite forgot I was K.V.A. of the 20th Century, sitting on the West Coast of Africa, so absorbed was I in that tragic tale of life in England in the 1830s. The casting was excellent and the production was very good. It was undoubtedly the best entertainment I've had since leaving England ... On Thursday evening I tried a new bow-at-a-venture. I had discovered that the C.M.S. ran a youth club in P .H., so just before the Bishop left on leave I asked him whether I could be of any service. Accordingly I made my debut there last Thursday. The club for boys and young men meets only once a week. The programme is varied. Last week it was games, and I found myself playing darts and Chinese checkers. This week we are to have 'twenty questions' ... Although I doubt whether I will be of any great assistance, particuilarly as I am likely to remain in P.H. only a few more months. I like to feel I am making a contribution - however smalland I welcome the opportunity it should give of getting to know a few young Africans. The car I have ordered is not arriving as soon as I had hoped. It is now due about the middle of next month. To buy it, the Govt. makes me an advance, which I shall pay back in monthly instalments over 2 years. This will represent a considerable strain on my meagre resources. Yesterday I was extravagant - I bought a carpet. It seemed to me to be such a good bargain. It is 10 by 5 ~ ft. It is soft as velvet; and it is one of those carpets whose columns look different from either end. It cost only £6 - 7 - 6. Its cheapness may be accounted for by the fact that it is of Italian make, and the sterling/lira exchange rate is very much in favour of sterling. The carpet now ornaments my sitting room and looks rather too luxurious for its surroundings. In P.H. we have now reached rather a bad time of year, the period immediately preceding the start of the rains. The rainy season begins in April. Now in the latter part of March the days all feel rather oppressive. It's the time of year too for tornados, though I have not experienced any yet ... As regards myself, I'm glad to say that I keep very well, and so far do not find the climate any worse than what I have already experienced elsewhere. Here it is 10:45 on Sunday morning and I am writing this seated outside my flat. In the flat upstairs I hear two or three steward boys chattering and joking together. From the wharf comes the occasional hoot of a steamer. You will no doubt still be at breakfast; and I can picture your likely movements during the day. I hope all goes well with all- greetings and love from Keith.

Letter 8: P.H. - Sunday, 27th posted 28th

My dear M and D - Thank you, D, for your letter of the 16th which reached me on the 22nd... Lastweekend I put up an agricultural officer on my spare bed -I did not know him but he was in need of a bed. I passed a quiet Sunday, sketching in the morning and lying and reading on the golf course after lunch. The event of most note during the week was a visit I made in the company of Miss Belcher to the local gaol. Miss B, being a Social Welfare Officer has a keen interest in the gaols and similar institutions. The superintendent showed us around the whole place. The point that struck me straight away was the inadequacy of precautions against escape.The prison area was surrounded only by a barbed wire fence, which would have been easily penetrable... I might add that gangs of convicts go out into the town each day to cut grass and do similar work and they are only very casually supervised by an odd warder or two... Observing on this, I asked the Supt. whether many tried to escape. He said that they did not and inferred that by and large the prisoners were quite happy to be where they were ... In England one of the functions of a prison is to act as a deterrent to would-be law-breakers; but it would not seem that such a principle applies out here! We visited the condemned cells - two of the men had 48 hours left to go in this life. I gathered that there was a certain amount of competition between R.e. and Salvation Army as to who should prepare them for their future state ... we also visited a condemned woman. On entering the female portion of the prison I was taken aback to see smart young smiling wardresses on duty - one of them giggled when the Supt. asked her a question... The condemned woman was a poor old body with bewildered eyes - the sort of person one would have thought would have been a good children's nanny... Briefly her story was this: she was being chased by a man in her village, and to escape him she hid. The man's child saw her hiding and told his father. The woman killed the child with a hatchet. It is now up to the Governor whether she hangs or not... The prison grounds were pleasing and there was no doubt but that the prisoners were well looked after - believe it or not the normal scale of rations per day amounted to 5lbs 12oz in bulk!! The state of the 300 male and female criminal lunatics detained at His Majesty's Pleasure was very different. So appalling was it that I shall not write down what I saw in a letter... We also saw some leper prisoners... Enough about the prison. On Thursday I went again to the youth club. I found myself directing twenty questions. I was amazed how slow the lads were in the uptake. Even though I said far more than just 'yes' or 'no' to help them, they were unable to get the easiest things such as a typewriter or cooking pot. Yesterday I was oddly engaged. Miss Belcher asked me to assist her in 'entertaining' and keeping an eye on four youngsters on remand. For a week these lads, all about 8 or 9 years old, have been cooling their heads behind bars in the Police barracks. We took them down to the river in Miss B's car. There they had a bathe and ate some sweets which I took along with me. They were happy, jolly, high-spirited boys. To amuse them I got a fellow to take us all for a paddle on the river in his big canoe. We must have presented an odd sight: Miss B, K.V.A., and four small boys clothed in ragged shirts or shorts, leaving most of their person and private parts bare! I am now writing this on the verandah outside a locked up bungalow in the Isoba leper settlement. The occupants are away and we are making use of the place for a picnic. My two groundsheets are spread on the floor and are littered with thermoses, bottles, oranges etc! There are 3 of us, Miss B, Derrick Cudmore, myself and three dogs. The scene is very peaceful. The bungalow is built on the bank of the New Calabar River. Here we are away from the mangrove swamps; and later when the tide is higher, I look forward to a bathe - I understand that crocs are few and far between. During the past week I have continued to read Native Court Judgements, which have been referred to the Resident for review. Most of them concerned disputes about ownership of land. One concerned a chap who wanted the return of his bride-price, as his wife had left him for another ... The English in which the proceedings are recorded (like the English of petitions.) is almost unbelievable - some passages read like sheer gibberish; and gOIng through pages of it gets somewhat tedious! On Friday afternoon I had to go down to the wharf to meet two men and one woman. This time it was my turn to provide transport, P.W.D.G men to take baggage, and accommodation at the rest house - seven weeks earlier George Rushmore was doing this for myself and the other two who arrived with me. I saw my charges off the ship all right, and they were grateful for my assistance. At dinner I discovered that one of them I had met was an Old Marlburian - a few years before me. Yesterday I listened to both the boat race and the Grand National. The former was very thrilling, and I found myself calling "Cambridge, Cambridge!". Transmission of the Grand National was very good - I fear Rosa lost her money on the favourite, which came in fourth ... I have done nothing very much socially this week - only chess on Tuesday, and to the flicks with a friend on Wednesday. My friends, the Jenks, arrived for lunch in the rest house on Friday - and it was fun seeing them again. My steward boy, Philip, is becoming an institution. I live for the day when I will hear him laugh ... It's difficult to know what he is thinking. He is not a man who volunteers much information of his own accord. His main job in life seems to be washing my clothes which he does very well. He walks over to my flat from his quarters, steps out of his shoes at my back door, and steps back into them again when he leaves. You may be interested to hear that K.V.A. is a Justice of the Peace. Greetings to you all. Love from Keith.

Letter 9: Port Harcourt. Saturday 2nd April. Posted Monday 4th.

My dear M and D Another typical week has gone by. I have continued to review Native Court judgements, principally in connection with land disputes or refunds of brideprice. A favourite judgement of a Native Court is to make both plaintiff and defendant swear on a juju. Having done this, if any of the defendant's family die within the next 12 months, then judgement is in favour of the plaintiff - and vice versa! And yet although this is the standard of the civil law that I shall have to deal with in the Bush, I have to wade through Wilshire's Common Law of England (contract and tort) in order to pass an exam in June. At the beginning of the month I have two or three law papers and towards the end I have my Ibo exam ... It will be pleasant when and if these two are behind me ... Otherwise this week I have had little to do in the office except for a little typing. From Monday to Friday next week however the resident will be on tour, so I shall feel as though I am doing something for a few days. On Tuesday afternoon I helped Miss Belcher out with her four small remand boys again - we planted them on a piece of grass, and left them to get on with a game of football, using a tennis ball... On Thursday evening I went to the youth club, where an African lawyer gave a talk. I am to give a talk on the 21st of this month on the subject of education in England - (or how best to sow wild oats at the University!) -I don't know what I shall talk about exactly, but fortunately the subject should not tax my resources unduly. Later on Thursday I dined with Miss B. Also there was a police officer and his wife. Formerly he had been a professional hunter in Kenya until he got unhappily involved with a buffalo - it was interesting to hear what he had to say. Last night I had a few chaps round to my flat after dinner. You would have been amused to have seen us sitting around a small table, intently playing dice - K.V.A. gamed with some success. My friend, George Jenk was in for lunch during the week, and I arranged with him for my friend Geoff and me to pay them a visit at Owerri this weekend ... In a few moments we will be leaving in the latter's car. Continued on Monday morning ... I had a very delightful weekend with my friends. Left P.H. soon after 12 on Saturday, and had a picnic lunch by roadside. Got into a foul state eating a pineapple to the entertainment of some natives who stood by watching us. Arrived in Owerri at teatime. Afterwards played tennis. Dinner. Played records, and talked till a late hour. Geoff and I slept in the bungalow of the Assistant District Officer (A.D.O. - you must get familiar with these letters ... I too am an A.D.O.) Who was away for the weekend. On Sunday morning we managed tennis before breakfast. Finished breakfast at 11... Then drove off a few miles to a fast-flowing river, where we had a very pleasant bathe! Back to Owerri for a very late lunch, which we did not finish until after 4 p.m.! Then more tennis; and left for home at 6:15 - a fine open-air weekend. We returned to P.H. at speed to be ready to sup with some C.M.s. men, among them the Archdeacon for Onitsha, who is visiting P.H ... I am finishing this letter in the office, where today I am occupying the Resident's seat. love to all from Keith.

letter 10: The Resident's Office, P.H. Sunday April 11th 1949.

My dear M and D, This week I managed quite satisfactorily in the absence of Mr. Chubb, who was on tour; and there is really nothing of note to report about my doings in the office. On Monday I had to rebuke a typist and an office messenger for absenting themselves for most of the morning; for a brief space thereafter they appeared creditably chastened. Today I undergo a turn of the tables with a vengeance, so to speak. Today the Tarkwa docks at P.H. last time she docked here I was the new boy on board that had to be met, today it is my turn to do the meeting ... Mr Chubb leaves P.H. again today, and I shall again be in charge of the office. He is due to return after Easter ... As to my extraneous activities during the week, they have been much the same as usual: Tuesday evening chess at C.M.s. house; Wednesday afternoon hockey - I captained one of the sides - the game was rather spoilt because of the onslaught of innumerable little flying ants, which were a result of the heavy rainfall during the morning; on Thursday evening I went to the Youth Club, where I heard a local African parson read from a book and expound - his power of self-expression was very limited and halting - the subject was 'friendship' - he called for questions at the end - one lad asked him what was the difference between a friend and a lover-the padre was at some difficulty to reply ... The club is a good idea, but seems to me to have a lamentably small membership. On Friday evening I threw another little drinks party in my flat. In all I had about seven guests. Entertainment was provided - albeit unknowingly - by the wild Greek wife of very ordinary Mr Brown, as typical an Englishman as his name would suggest. The wild Greek is only able to give expression to the most everyday feelings in paroxysms of invective. I think really she must be mad. However she lent colour to the company. It struck me how inappropriate it was to address her as 'Mrs Brown' or 'Mary' which I gather is her Christian name. My lady guests much admired the photograph of you, M, that I have displayed. After lunch on Thursday instead of my usual Ibo lesson in my room, I went for an Ibo walk with my instructor in the Town. The idea is that on a such a walk 90% of the conversation is carried on in Ibo, and that we talk about sights we see as we go along. It is of profit to me and a source of amusement to the towns people, and so is altogether worthwhile all round! I forgot to mention that on Friday afternoon I gave tea to Mr and Mrs Chubb immediately on return from their tour ... Yesterday my friend Geoffrey and I chanced to visit a C.M.S. Teachers' Training School near P.H. We had speech with the African principal, who struck me more favourably than most of the educated Nigerians I have so far met. Term was over; so there was not very much to see. Yesterday evening I sat next to an American authoress (Mrs Reyler) at dinner in the rest house. She was an interesting person, and I chatted with her until 11:30. She is visiting Nigeria to study polygamy; and then goes on to S. India to see something of polyandry. This I fear is going to be a rather dreary weekend. As I write it is Sunday morning. After breakfast I went round to the office to have a word with Chubb about arrangements for the coming week. I am now seated in my room. Outside it is raining, not so very hard by tropical standards but persistently. In fact today is very reminiscent of a wet Torquay August day. As I write I munch ginger biscuits which is naughty of me, because I propose before long to dispose of a large Sunday lunch ... As a matter of fact I have a vice (can you really believe it of K.V.A.?) -I am a secret ginger biscuit eater ... Furtively and surreptitiously at not infrequent intervals by day and night I gnaw greedily at crisp hard gingernuts ... Enough said, let us draw a veil over the picture of a far-flung ginger biscuit glutton ... This time next week I hope I shall be able to tell you that I am the proud possessor of a car. In the meantime, salutations and love from Keith.

Letter 11: Port Harcourt Easter Sunday

My Dear M and D, I am writing to you this week in the Guest house at Bonny. Bonny is 40-odd miles from P.H., and is situated at the mouth of the New Calabar River. Perhaps more than any other place on the African coast it is a place with a history and a past. In the old days it was a great slave-trading station. Slaves, brought down the river from the interior in canoes, were assembled and herded together here in baracoons before being traded to Portuguese and British slavers in return for gin. When the slave trade was abolished, Bonny retained its importance as a trading centre - palm-oil replacing the traffic in human flesh. Later however as the European traders began to venture up the river, the town began to lose its prosperity. Its doom as a commercial centre was assured by the building of Port Harcourt in the earlier part of this century. Now Bonny presents a picture of ruin and decay. Yesterday evening we went for a walk around it. Here and there quite good two-storeyed structures still stand, but many of these better buildings are shut up. The present inhabitants live in pitiful lean-tos of rusty corrugated iron. Looking singularly incongruous in this shabby setting are elaborate tombstones in the graveyard and well-carved busts and statues of former 'kings' of Bonny dotted about the town. Lying about in heaps between the houses are heavy old rusty cannon and their mountings. Goats and fowls and small naked children wander aimlessly around: no one does anything here because there is very little to do. There is no ground to cultivate as Bonny is surrounded by creeks and swamps. No canoes any longer bring puncheons of oil down the river. No ship ever dreams of stopping nowadays but steams on up the river to P.H. It is many years now since the consulate building was dismantled and resurrected in P.H. to become the present Residency. Young people of Bonny leave their native place to make a living in P.H., Aba or elsewhere. The old and the very young remain - together with sand fly and mosquito. There is no road to Bonny - it can only be approached by sea or river. We travelled down by steam launch yesterday. By 'we' I refer to the District Officer, at whose disposal the said launch is, his wife, my friend Geoff and myself. We left P.H. at 10:30. We lunched on board - an excellent meal of steak and chips. After the meal we ran into bad weather. It had already been raining for some hours, but suddenly it grew much rougher, and we found ourselves in a squall. We turned about and ran before it for a short while before turning up a side creek. There we anchored alongside the fringe of the mangroves and waited for the worst of the storm to pass. Tarpaulins flapped; water sprayed into the cabin; overhead there were heavy claps of thunder. After an hour or so the worst was over. We resumed our journey, reaching Bonny at 4 p.m. The Resident has been away all the past week. He returns on Tuesday; but leaves again on Monday week for Lagos for a few days ... I still have not got my car. I hope to get it sometime next week. I went to the C.M.S. church on Good Friday, which was a public holiday. The service was not conducted in the gloomy manner one expects to have on such a day. Choir and congregation sang with great enthusiasm 'There is a Green Hill Far Away', 'When I survey the Wondrous Cross' and so on! Easter makes quite a welcome break - Friday to Monday inclusive ... During the past week I have continued with my law. On account of it I have given up other and lighter reading (and writing) for the time being. Now as I write it is afternoon. I am seated on a sandy beach a mile or so from Bonny. We rowed down here in a dinghy, bringing lots of lunch with us. The D.O. and his wife, and another nice A.D.O. are lying nearby. Geoff is playing around with the boat. A canoe with three paddles is passing in front of me. A moment or two ago a pot-bellied young girl, naked except for a string of beads around her plump buttocks wandered past, and it seemed to me that she regarded the prostrate mad English with some bewilderment. Nearby on the sand transparent crabs slink out of their holes, darting back to earth as soon as I move. A local man has just come up to ask whether Madam would like a mango. At the moment a black individual is standing some 10 yards to my left staring at me. On arriving here we disturbed a vast concourse of curlews, some hundreds, which as one bird took flight wheeling off in formations. Love to all from Keith.

Letter 12: Port Harcourt. 23rd April (posted April 25th)

My Dear M and D, In my last letter ' left you, if' remember aright, seated on the shore at Bonny in the afternoon of Easter Sunday. That evening Geoff and I went round to the "cathedral", so-called because formerly it used to be the Cathedral Church of the Niger Delta Pastorate in the days when the Bishop's HQ used to be in Bonny. We arrived too late to join in the service - in fact just in time to see a choir of about 60 filing out of the church. They were followed by the congregation whose garments provided a fine splash of colour. I spoke to one of them, and asked when the service began. He replied 3 p.m. - it was then after 5:30! We entered the church, and' was amused to see that its main form of decoration for the festival was bunting! Festooned with Union Jacks and flags of many nations, the interior looked more like a dance hall than a church! We went round to the vestry and' had a word with the African parson and churchwardens. , congratulated them on what had appeared to have been a good service, and said that I would make mention of it when next writing to my father who was himself a church of England parson ... We remained at Bonny for the whole of Monday. At 3 p.m. a dancing session began on an open patch in the town. Rather later' went round to see the fun. , was not impressed. There was a small stringed-off enclosure in the centre of which sat a huddle of men drinking. Strung up on poles were a few faded and tattered Union Jacks. Alongside the circle there were two rough awnings fixed up. Under one seated on benches were more men drinking. Under the other squatted the band. Music was provided as follows: stuck in the ground were three or four large flagons, filled with water to different levels. The mouths of these were struck with a brush-like affair, and the result was quite a pleasing hollow drumming noise. Behind the drama there was a bevy of women armed with weapons very reminiscent of what' believe are called Dutch-hands (the wooden instruments used in "Maypole" and "Home and Colonial" stores in the serving of butter). These played together in time, keeping up the while a frenzied vocal accompaniment. The dancers incessantly shuffled in an anticlockwise direction around the cluster of seated men, inside the string enclosure. Girls were on the inside, men on the outside. The format kept to some sort of uniformity of movement, which consisted largely in constant and skilful backside wobbling. The latter were individualistic, except when they seem to join up for a sort of "follow - my leader" stunt. This shuffling round and round went on solidly without any variation. Nor by way of compensation for the monotony was one rewarded by the sight of naked brown bodies, for all were very adequately clad! There were of course many onlookers; and frisking around on the edge was the local juju. He cut a rather ludicrous figure; and certainly he appeared to cause no one any concern. He wore anklets of shells, added breaches, a cloth over his head with a couple of slits for his eyes, and on his head there was a certain amount of foliage superimposed on a very poor wooden carving of what I imagine was meant to be a crocodile ... By the way, I should add that the dance was being held in honour of a local beauty on her emergence from the fattening chamber - girls are fattened before marriage. The Belle of the Ball had a little palm-frond shelter to herself; it looked very like a Punch and Judy stand. From time to time she joined the dancers. In her state she must have found the exercise very wearing! On Monday night I bathed from the wharf near the rest house; and I bathed again at 5:30 the next morning on getting up ... I was back in the office by 11 a.m .. On Thursday evening I spoke to the youth club about education in England. I described primary, secondary, prep and public schools and Oxford and Cambridge to them; but I don't think I left them much the wiser. At the end one lad asked me in all seriousness whether the standard of education in Nigeria was as high as in England. Yesterday I made another of my social efforts. Once again I had some people round for drinks in the evening. This is a beautifully easy way of entertaining - all you need are a few bottles, and you get the company nattering. Personally I consider it a pretty good waste of time; but most people seem to like it - and one must make the effort sometimes. At least I try not to be too conventional in those I ask. Yesterday I had once again Miss Belcher and friend Geoff - also George Rushmore, an African doctor and his wife, a Czech shoe trader and his glamorous young spouse, an Anglo-Indian C.M.S. missionary and a sister from the hospital. It was rather hard going to begin with; but I flatter myself that I got things going with a swing before long. For what it's worth I can assure you that out here there is not a hope in hell of your first-born getting tied up with anyone. My mother will no doubt be relieved to hear this ... I understand that my Morris car really has arrived in P.H. at last - it is possible that I shall get delivery of it in the course of next week? Sweets coming off the ration tomorrow ... My, my, you lucky people! Philip has just got my tea ready, and I don't think I can hope to get much more on this letter form so: Love to all from Keith.

Letter 13: Port Harcourt. Sunday 15th posted 16th

My Dear M and D, Today I write to you probably for the last time from P.H. for the time being. The reason for this is that on Monday I leave this civilised township for the Bush. I am for a few weeks to assist the district officer of a division called Ogoni. I am told that I shall be principally engaged in court work, that is to say hearing appeals from the Native Court. It will be good new experience, and should provide a certain amount of amusement - anyhow to begin with. I expect to be in Ogoni a couple of weeks, then returned to P.H. for a couple of days to take my law exam; after which I am due to join another D.O. and Old Marlburian of a tough variety, whose division is in the creeks ... (Bill Newington) Touring there is done by steam-launch, which will make a pleasant change. Eventually, that is to say probably about the end of July, I go to Ahoada Division where I become the permanent A.D.O., i.e. Assistant District Officer, remaining there I imagine until I am due for leave. Rather appropriately my last week in P.H. has been a fairly social one. On Tuesday I went round as usual to CM.S. House for a game of chess in the evening, only to find a great concourse of bodies present. CM.S. missionaries from all over this part of the country converged on P.H. last week because the annual Synod was held here ... Anyhow, instead of chess we played bridge; and I must admit that it was a pleasant surprise to me that CM.S. missionaries were able and appeared to be only too pleased to play this game of skill. I must confess however that the ones I had the honour of playing with did not disclose any great proficiency ... On Wednesday I went to a rather classy dinner party given by the judge. The resident and his wife were there as well. We had a pretty good meal, seven courses in all! The judge is an amiable little Cypriot; his wife is as English as they make them, and very charming. On Thursday evening I had three senior clerks from the office round for a drink. The foregather went off well, the only snag being when one of the number attempted to smoke a cigar I offered him while still in its silver paper wrapping! I tentatively suggested that he would be better able to kindle it with the paper off but he did not take my advice ... I was most surprised, and I must admit pleasantly so, when, before leaving, the Chief Clerk rose to his feet and said a few words in eulogy of K.V.A ... On Friday evening I entertained a young girl, Canadian again, and a teacher in a C.M.S. school. We saw a pretty deplorable film, and then had a look at the river by the light of a full moon. She was a pleasant girl - only out a few months, and finding concentrated C.M.S. society rather overpowering ... Yesterday I went out with my friend Geoffrey, our last outing together for some time as he is leaving P.H. also "this week. Today I have been very busy packing up my belongings. My flat looks a terrible ruin now with boxes standing listlessly around. I feel rather end-of-term- ish, and it's quite a nice feeling ... In a way though it's a pity I am leaving P.H. just now, for I am beginning to make various friends here and there. I now have another minion to help look after me, that is to say a cook, by the name of Boniface (pronounced "Bonnyface" but spelt this way on account of his Roman Catholic faith). He seems a likeable young man, and is a friend of Philip's which is probably all to the good. For the past two days I have been busy buying in stores, articles ranging from baking powder to kerosene. I seem to have spent a phenomenal lot and I only hope I have not forgotten anything vital. As a result of the plane crash I told you about in my letter last week, air services have not been running to time, and consequently mails have been irregular. On account of this I have received no letter from you this past week ... As I am going to the Bush I am afraid you will find that my letters to you will take a little longer to arrive ... By the way go on addressing me c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. I conclude this on Monday morning just before setting off ... Greetings and love to all at home - never forgetting my grandmother - from Keith.

Letter 14: The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt 21.5.49

My Dear M and D, Last weekend I was kept pretty occupied. On Saturday afternoon George Rushmore married a nursing sister from the hospital at P.H. She being R.C., the wedding was held in the local R.e. church. It was the first time I had attended an R.C. wedding, and I can't say I was impressed. For 90% of the time the bridal couple remained seated in front of the Bishop, also seated, who read out a long exhortation to them. After some eight minutes of this, they took their marriage vows; holy water was splashed onto the ring; the Bishop rose to his feet and murmured a few words in Latin; and then the bridal cortege moved into the vestry. The reception was held at the Residency, and followed the customary course. Sunday I was very busy packing up house. Several boxes, which I don't need at the moment, I dumped chez Miss Belcher. On Monday morning having seen all my remaining goods safely loaded onto a lorry, I sallied forth in my little car accompanied by Philip. I reached my destination, 40 miles distant by 1 p.m. I met Christopher Ollard, the D.O., and went to his house for lunch. There I met his young wife and small son of 10 months. Christopher is a pleasant chap though a little inclined to be moody. His wife is very pleasant. That afternoon I had to go to a village on the boundary between this division and an adjoining one, where we had heard there was trouble brewing ... The road grew progressively worse; until I was driving his 12 HP Austin down a footpath, through bush, only 1 foot wide! For the last few miles we had to drive all the way in second gear ... Better his car than mine I could not help thinking ... Having reached the village, we found our journey was still not finished. The two of us accompanied by an interpreter mounted bicycles, and cycle for 3 miles or so through fields of yams. En route we collected various bodies, who ran in front of us. Finally we reached the land, which had been reported to be in dispute, only to find everything quiet and in order ... The locals themselves explained that this was not the time of year they would make trouble with their neighbours, for they had their hands full attending to their crops ... We cycled back to the village, where we were regaled with fresh coconuts for which someone had to climb a tree ... On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday nights I stayed in a rest house a mile or so from the D.O.'s house. For the first two of these nights I shared the place with an engineer, his wife and small boy - the only other Europeans in the neighbourhood. We dined together, but ate our own food prepared by our respective cooks. I am glad to say that Boniface has been doing quite satisfactorily so far. On Tuesday and Wednesday I accompanied Chris when he reviewed cases in court. I had to make the most of this brief introduction, for on Friday I was hearing reviews myself ... On Thursday morning my boys had to pack my things, and a lorry shifted them to another rest house 9 miles down the road. Chris went down with me to hold a Clan Council meeting. At this he introduced me as the man who would be hearing their reviews the following day. The main item on the agenda was the selection of a President of the Clan Council. Chris also urged the building of segregation huts for lepers. At the end of the proceedings he drove off; and for the first time K.V.A. was left behind to fend for himself. The local chief accompanied me back to the rest house. I offered him a Cherie; seeing me drinking squash, he intimated that he would like some to. A minute or two later I was vouchsafed the spectacle of a stalwart young giant clad in a "toga" - who had stepped up to the Veranda unbidden by me - kneeling down before the chief and reverently receiving from him my yellow tooth mug and drinking the remaining dregs of grapefruit squash as though it were some sacrament. The chief explained that the young man was a son of his ... On Friday morning at 8:15 I made my entry into the native court - a respectable building with a corrugated iron roof. The head Court-Messenger called those present to their feet, and I seated myself at the table on the raised stone platform at the end of the building. Remained in court without a break until 2:30. I returned at 4:15 and left finally just before 7 p.m. Altogether I dealt with 16 cases. The very first one involved me in confirming sentence of three months imprisonment with hard labour on a woman. There were two applications for divorce by women - one of which I allowed. In that case I felt very paternalreleasing a young girl from her very much older husband. Evidence had been given of his ill treatment of her. The young wife in question was already living with another man. I called him up. He was a young fellow and looked as though he would make a good husband. In allowing the divorce I said I hoped that he would marry the girl, and that she would remain true to him and refrain from further adultery ... There were also one or two claims by husbands for damages on account of adultery by others with their wives. One or two disputes about bride-prices - one or two land disputes (two or more people laying claim to the same piece of land) - and there was a case also regarding the alleged theft of two goats. There were others besides these which I don't recall now ... All the proceedings had to be conducted through the medium of the interpreter. I can't understand these people at all for they don't speak Ibo. In front of me were two wooden docks. In the left stood the defendant, and in the right the plaintiff. Four or five uniformed CourtMessengers kept rigorous order in the court. However they did not have to interpose, as those listening kept quiet most of the time. More often they had to quell some dissatisfied litigant, who had heard me give a judgement against him. On giving judgement, I recorded it in the judgement book. From sundry grunts of approval from those present in the court from time to time, I think my judgements were at any rate fairly well received ... I am writing this on Saturday evening. This morning I drove my car to Aba, 60 miles away. I had to take it there for servicing after its first 500 miles running. While the car was being attended to, I lunched with Tim. In the afternoon Philip and I left for home in heavy rain. The road was like a quagmire in patches. On the way back I called at the C.M.S. girls school, at which Kay one of the Canadian girls works. Resuming my journey when it was just dark, about 18 miles from home where the road crosses a railway line, I found a goods train with a broken-down engine blocking the way. Stationmaster told me it could not be moved till morning! A guide took me down a bush path, and where it crossed the railway I had to drive my car straight across the rails! There was no choice unless I was prepared to spend the night there ... All was well, and the car ran perfectly smoothly on the last 18-mile lap home. Love Keith.

Letter 15: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt, 28th May 1949. Saturday

My Dear M and D, This week I received no letter from you, but that is not surprising in view of the fact that I have been in the Bush and in view of the fact that internal air services are disrupted. I have had a full and varied week. On Monday I did reviews both in the morning and afternoon. I left the rest house at 8 a.m. and did not return again until 7 p.m ... To avoid returning in the heat of the day I took a picnic lunch with me ... Tuesday was Empire Day, and here unlike India, as I remember, a good deal is made of it. By tradition it is an occasion for school sports. Here in Ogoni Division massed school sports, with some 20 odd schools attending, were held on the school ground at Bori the headquarters of the division. I motored up from where I was staying for the day, taking a holiday from court. I went to the D.O.'s house where I found Christopher struggling into his uniform - for the ordinary administrative officer this is about the only occasion in the year when it is worn! The trousers of the uniform are white and horribly drain-pipe in cut. The tunic is white and is cut in military style, buttoning at the neck. The headgear, a topi, is also white, and bears the Royal escutcheon. Boots and a sword are also worn. The general effect suggests an East India Company officer in the early 19th century. Dressed as he was, Chris was quite unable to drive himself up to the sportsground, so I chauffeured him. Unable to bend more than a few degrees in any direction on account of his ghastly trousers and sword, which would keep on getting in the light, he had the greatest difficulty in fitting himself into the front seat of my small car ... In due course standing beside a Union Jack hoisted on a bent bamboo Chris read out the Governor's snappy pep message for the occasion and then took the salute as the schoolchildren marched past, their various bands producing an odd mixture of noises. The children sang as they marched. I imagined that they were singing traditional African jungle songs, and was most surprised when I was told that they have been singing "John Brown's Body" and "Rule Britannia" ... About 11 o'clock the children got down to the business of the day; and the sports did not succeed in dragging out their weary length until five in the evening. Besides the Ollards and myself the only other Europeans present were the Engineer, his wife and young son, and one young R.e. father ... The teachers of the various schools seemed to be more concerned about the results of the event than the children themselves. Early in the day accusations of discrimination were being flung at the judges. On account of this in order to obviate any suggestions of partiality the engineer and I were asked to take over the judging of the running events. There being a number of R.e. schools taking part, the R.e. father, I was amused to note, was not considered strictly reliable! Drumming went on the whole day; and the Chiefs and other grownups present enjoyed themselves by adjourning frequently to fortify themselves with noggins of palm-wine. As the shadows were lengthening, encircled by a concourse of children, whose clothes did not look quite as fresh as they had earlier in the day, Rachel, the D.O.'s wife, distributed prizes. 3/to the first, 2 /- to the second and 1 /- to the third in each event... On Wednesday I presided at a village palaver. Men of the village congregated under a large spreading tree. I took a seat at a table facing them. Our job was to decide which oftwo claimants was the rightful head of the village. I opened the proceedings, and then left them to it. From time to time babel broke loose but in the main the meeting was fairly orderly. I had thought that in the end I would have to put the decision to a vote in order to obtain a decision. However as time went on one of the claimants began to get cold feet. Finally in return for a certain sum he agreed to renounce all claims to the headship for all time. Judging by the din that broke out when I announced this outcome, I think that general opinion was in favour of the solution that had been reached ... The new head of the village presented me with one fowl, two yams and a bag of oranges before I left ... On Thursday I moved house to yet another rest house down the road. Yesterday I was in court from 8:15 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. without a break. I moved house again yesterday and am now back where I was two weeks ago. I remain here until next Tuesday when I return to Port Harcourt, where I take my law exam. I only expect to be in P.H. a day or two, staying at the rest house before I go off to another Division - this time in the creeks - for a few weeks ... I am thankful to have finished with the Resident's Office. I hope all goes well on the home front. I am afraid this letter is entirely about K.V.A. but don't imagine from this that I never think of anyone else ... You are in fact often in my thoughts - Love from Keith

Letter 16: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. 5th June 1949

My dear M and D, This past week has not been particularly exciting. I returned to P.H. on Tuesday to be ready to take my law exam on the following 2 days. I stayed at the rest house, where I shared the quarters with a recent arrival to P.H. In the course of conversation this individual mentioned that he had been instructed to give somebody's greetings to someone in P.H. whose name he had forgotten. To cut it short, he had met my cousin Jill in Lagos and it was her greetings to me that he had been asked to deliver! He told me that JiII's plane had developed engine trouble, on account of which she had been in Lagos for 10 days ... For 6 hours on both Wednesday and Thursday I coped with my law papers. The only other candidate with me in P.H. was George Rushmore. The questions were not difficult. My main preoccupation was to get through the papers in the time allotted. George and I did the exam in the Resident's office, so I was back in a familiar setting ... It was fun seeing some of my friends in P.H. again. On Tuesday evening I dined with Miss Belcher. Also there was a C.M.S. couple from some C.M.5 school in Onitsha. I can't say I was very taken with them. The woman I found particularly tedious. Unfortunately the following evening when I dined with the man in charge of the C.M.S. Bookshop I found them once again present. For a considerable time, a guest dwelt in some detail on the characteristics of leprosy, a subject not best suited I felt to after dinner conversation on a beautiful evening. My exam.on Wednesday finished in time for me to take part in a game of hockey once again. On Thursday I had intended to play a game of tennis, but it rained ... While I was in P.H. I gave Philip the opportunity of visiting home at Owerri, leaving Boniface to look after· me ... I returned to Bori, where I was before going to P.H., on Friday. A change of plan now keeps me here till the 11th. Then I return to P.H., spend the weekend there before leaving for Degema by launch on the 13th ... So when you are setting off for La Belle Suisse, you can picture K.V.A. literally launching himself into the creeks of the Niger Delta. For this week I shall be staying in the rest house, half of which is already occupied by the Engineer, wife and small boy whom I have mentioned in previous letters. I confess that I would rather not be under the same roof as anyone else, still they are very pleasant though Mr is a bit too fond of nattering. I like having the young lad about the place - he is sitting beside me at the moment, hoping that I shall let him type a word ... The D.O. and his wife - Christopher and Rachel Ollard - are a nice couple. They are the only other Europeans in the station. I lunched with them on Friday. They have a small son less than a year old. It is a pity that children lose their colour so easily out here ... The infant Martin had a pain in his tum the other day, and Rachel was very worried. It is difficult for a mother out here with Doctors usually so far away ... It was from Rachel that I heard about the local tabernacle and that there was to be a celebration there this morning, being Whit Sunday. I found my way to the church just before 7:30 this morning. It was a long rectangular building with mud walls, a concrete floor and a matting roof. It was an advance on some because inside it had wooden benches in place of the hard mud seats that one sometimes finds. But its chief pride was the pulpit which was quite a well carved structure. It was the first service I have been to conducted in the vernacular - it was Ibo. It followed the form of the English service very exactly, and I was able to follow what was going on. Chris and Rachel were also there. For our benefit the pastor read the gospel for the day in English and also the prayer "Ye that do truly and earnestly ... " I will be sorry having to leave the Ollards for they are good people to work with. This coming week I shall be holding the fort at the District Office, and also hearing more cases on review. Love to you from Keith.

Letter 17: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. Sunday 12th of June 1949

My dear M and D, Once again I am writing to you from the rest house in P.H. Yesterday I motored in from Ogoni Division where I have been stationed for the last few weeks in the company of Christopher and Rachel. My belongings followed me in an ambulance as the lorry could not be got to start. So picture me now surrounded with my personal effects: a meat-safe, tins of kerosene, camp-kit, all manner of pots and pans, flat-irons and rolling pins! Tomorrow I am due to go by launch to a place called Degema, a small trading station in the creeks. My car won't be necessary there, so I shall leave her here in Port Harcourt ... There is a converging of D.O.s on P.H. this weekend as the acting Governor is paying this place a brief visit. Along with others I shall listen to him hold forth at 3:30 this afternoon - a scandalous time for him to do so in my opinion because it is in the middle of siesta time ... Christopher, Rachel and infant have come in to town on account of this pep talk. In return for their hospitality to me in Ogoni I invited them both to come to the flicks last night. Chris refused, saying that he would stay behind to watch the baby: so I just took Rachel. We saw a heart-burning yankee film, which lasted far too long: and then repaired to the Club where we danced for a short time. I enjoyed having an evening of feminine company again. I attended a rather amusing little function last Wednesday evening. This was a 'reception' given by the Bori Recreational Club in honour of Chris and his wife's recent arrival in Ogoni Division. Shortly after five that evening Chris, Rachel and infant, Engineer and wife and infant, and K.V.A. converged on the Bori Appeal Court - a barren, concrete-floored tin-roofed structure, octagonal in shape. On entering we found half a dozen tables draped with white table-cloths set round the central stone slab in the court on which the parties in an action are wont to stand. I observed that the juju relics usually garnishing this slab, and serving in lieu of a bible (up to a point) for swearing purpose, had been removed for the occasion. There were 3 or 4 to a table. At mine I had on my left Wikina, the interpreter, and on my right one Sambo, a road overseer. On the tables were placed typewritten programmes, from which I gathered that the toast of the guests of honour was to be proposed by Fineface, Christopher's chief clerk; that Chris would then reply; that refreshments would follow and that the festivities would conclude with a game of Housey-Housey. Fineface rose to his feet and paid a glowing tribute to the good qualities of the new D.O. and his wife. Having done this, he dwelt at some length on the difficulties confronting the Bori Recreational Club, deploring its lack of premises and facilities, and he expressed the conviction that Mr Ollard would never allow such an intolerable state of affairs to continue and that he would certainly do all within his power to provide them with a club building together with a tennis court! Chris rose to the occasion nobly, and testified eloquently to the good first impressions that the people of Ogoni had made on him. As regards supplying the Bori Recreational Club with its small requirements, without in any way committing himself, he ingeniously identified himself with their aspirations. Knowing how little Chris and Fineface liked each other I derived some secret amusement from these fulsome speeches ... Before he had sat down Fineface had proposed the toast of Chris and Rachel, but the B.R. Club appeared to imagine that a toast was merely a figure of speech for at this stage of the proceedings nothing was forthcoming in which to drink it ... Later the refreshments arrived; a few sweet biscuits, a bottle of beer and, as they said, a 'shot of whisky'. Later glasses of the native drink, Tombu obtained from the raffia palm, were distributed ... Chris and Rachel circulated and young Martin crawled about the concrete floor. Wikina was happy with his tombu, and I chatted about the feats of modern engineering with Sambo. The latter when introduced to me had observed that I was rather amused by his name. He asked me what it meant in English. I gave him an answer of sorts, but forbore from mentioning that a cousin of mine called her great hound by that name! I don't suppose this will reach you until after your return from Switzerland, in which case I express the hope that your holiday has been a great success ... Greetings to all. Love from Keith.

Letter 18: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. 19th June 1949

I am beginning this letter to you after breakfast on Sunday morning. I am seated at the bottom of the garden of my house. A foot or two in front of me the Sombrero river gently laps the bank, on which cannas and hibiscus are growing. At my feet is a rusty old cannon pointing out across the river. Canoes glide softly by, the paddlers sometimes singing at their work. It is pleasantly cool as a brisk breeze is blowing, and a neighbouring casuarina tree heaves with sighs as its branches are gently stirred ... As planned, I travelled by launch to this station, by name Degema, last Monday. It is situated in the middle of the creeks of the Niger Delta and is a three-and-a-half-hour trip from P.H ... The D.O. of this Division is called Newington. It was with him and his wife that I made the trip to Bonny at Easter. His house is immediately on my left, and on my right, the third in the line, lives the Doctor. We are the only three senior government servants in the station. There are in addition five European business men, two with wives, and also the African magistrate has an English wife. On the whole it seems to be a happy little community. There is a small club, which boasts a billiard and a ping-pong table. On Wednesday and Saturday evenings various games are played there, including bridge. I met most of the Europeans on Tuesday evening when I dined with the Doctor. After an excellent and truly bloating meal, for which the Magistrate's motherly old wife appeared responsible, we gathered round the table and spent an enjoyable, if for me rather expensive, couple of hours playing Vingtet- un ... The Newingtons have been decent to me, and I have supped there twice. Having both Marlborough and Caius in common with Bill there is quite a lot we can reminisce about. On Friday we had some good chats together ... This past week I have principally been employed in finding my feet. I have the new experience now of being in charge of a small prison, with a strength of 90 odd convicts. The prison is a well ordered little establishment, and fortunately I have no criminal lunatics on my hands. Practically all the convicts go out and work in the station during the day. They have such routine duties as drawing water, supplying firewood and coaling the launch. In addition they get allocated other varying duties, such as cutting grass - this somewhat corresponds to sewing mail-bags at home. This week I have organised one gang on draining roads and paths, and cambering them. It took a little time to drive home what I wanted, but they are getting on with it quite well now. My aim is to work up some esprit de corps among the prisoners. Yesterday I had an interesting if rather arduous time. Had you been here you would have seen a strange little cortege sally forth on bicycles from Degema shortly after 11 a.m. First went a constable, then an individual called Boil (maybe he spells it differently) a tax assessment clerk with a remarkable likeness to Harold Lloyd, then K.V.A. with haversack slung and wearing hat, and finally came a Court Messenger in khaki uniform and wearing a sort of pixie hat ending in a short stalk. Ahead of us we had a 10-mile ride to a place called Buguma. Most of the time we cycled through thick bush, but ended up with a three mile stretch across mangrove swamps and over sundry creeks by the flimsiest of foot bridges - at one point we had to take to a canoe ... The reason for my visit to Buguma were two-fold. First to do a surprise check in the hope of finding tax defaulters. Wind of this must have gone around pretty quickly on my arrival for the place was strangely deserted especially of men. As our cortege moved through the streets we got hold of any men we set eyes on, enquired their names and then checked up to see whether they were entered on the nominal roll of tax payers. While Boil checked the names, the constable and a friendly Sanitary Inspector who had attached himself to our party routed out bodies under my directions ... I could not afford to spend much time on this and we made a disappointingly small bag ... At 3p.m. I set out on my second job, which was to reconnoitre the route for a proposed new road. For this I was accompanied by a different band. I still had the Court Messenger with me and also the Sanitary Inspector; in addition I had a Mr David West a leading light of Buguma, and two blokes armed with hatchets whose job it was to clear the route. We made our way through about 2Yi miles of thick bush and across a mile of mangrove swamp, and pottered around a creek in a canoe ... I reached home at 6:15. I might mention that it had rained off and on throughout the day, and that I had only had a few ginger biscuits to eat since breakfast at 7:30 ... The reason for this was that Philip had misunderstood me -when at breakfast I told him that I wanted a picnic lunch ready at 9:30, he thought I said I wanted a quick-quick lunch ready then; so when I went round just before starting to collect my sandwiches I found the table laid for lunch and a hot stew awaiting me ... It was really rather amusing but I did not think so at the time! Greetings and love to you from Keith.

Letter 19: The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. Sunday 26th.

My Dear M and D, During this past week I have once again been a -journeying. Last Sunday I spent quietly in Degema. On Monday morning I travelled into P.H. by launch. With me I had Boniface, my cook, and a minimum of kit. In P.H. I collected my car which the P.W.D. (Public Works Dept.) had been looking after for me ... On Tuesday morning I loaded my belongings onto Dinah-the-Minor, and with Boniface beside me I set out for Aba. In Aba I sought out my friend Timothy, who was thoughtful enough to invite me to lunch - an offer which I gladly accepted ... That afternoon his car also was loaded up, and we set off one behind the other. We were both bound for the same place - Umuahea - where the following day we were to take an Ibo exam ... We travelled at some speed ... It might by the way interest you to know that I have now driven my car 1150 miles, and so far without mishap. We reached Umuahea at 6 p.m. It is a new station, built on the brow of a hill which has been cleared of bush. My rest house faced west, and I looked out on a fine panorama of undulating tree-clad slopes. Once again to enjoy a view and a distant horizon gave me much satisfaction; and the spectacle of a fiery ball of sun sinking to her rest into a bed of palms added to my pleasure ... Although the station was only a few hundred feet above sea-level, it was appreciably cooler there during the night than anywhere else I have been to out here. On Wednesday morning it was fun to feel a little chilly on getting out of bed. As regards the exam I will not commit myself to expressing views about the probable outcome - I will merely say that the papers were reasonable ... There were only 10 of us taking the exam and believe it or not, we won't know the results until September or October! It seems almost incredible that they don't let us know sooner, for if one fails it only leaves 3 months for further swotting before the next exam comes round again ... On Thursday morning we had individual orals, and had to make conversation with a couple of labourers ... When my turn was over I loaded up Dinah and left Umuahea. I made my way to Itu, where a friend of mine had invited me to spend the night... I stopped to enquire the way at an R.e. Mission H.Q ... There by a coincidence I was met by a Father whose acquaintance I had made when travelling out on the 'Tarkwa'. I stopped for a drink, and made the acquaintance of two others of the fraternity - all very friendly and Irish ... I reached my friend's house in time for lunch. During the afternoon it poured with rain - after tea we went for a walk. In the evening we had further rain and a great wind and it was rather fun withdrawing into the inner room, closing shutters and making ourselves cosy. Friend Ronald had a radio, and we listened to the news from London and dance-music from London and the Belgian Congo ... On Friday morning I resumed my journey southwards. Once again I lunched with Timothy. After dawdling in Aba, I drove back the last lap to P.H. in heavy rain ... The sight of somebody's lovely young wife dining at the next table in the rest house distracted my attention from my food. After eating I sought solace in the company of my friend, the worthy Miss Belcher of strapping girth ... (by the way I should perhaps explain that rest houses in big places like P .H. are often catering establishments - but in all other, and by far the majority of, cases a rest house implies only four walls and a roof of sorts} ... Yesterday morning I went around the town laying in stores, buying such things as potatoes - tinned vegetables - a leg of pork and tins of milk to mention only a few. Boniface bought a couple of squawking fowls in the market ... After lunch, having again parked Dinah-the-Minor in a garage against my return, I transferred myself and belongings to a public launch ... At 5:45 I was back again in Degema. I understand that during this past week the King opened a Colonial Exhibition, and I hope that when you were in town you took the opportunity to visit the exhibition - I read that in one room the temperature and humidity had been specially raised to correspond to conditions in the W. African tropical jungle ... Whatever you mayor may not have thought of it, if you attended the exhibition I can assure you that I do not find the climate out here in any way too bad. As regards the other menaces commonly imagined to lurk in the jungle, I have not yet seen any wild and dangerous beasts - beyond a snake or two, which mayor may not have been harmful... Nor are insects the bane that I expected they would be. Ants one does get everywhere; but the depredatious white variety have so far left me alone. Mosquitos have worried me less here than they did in Bangalore. It was not until last week that I saw my first tse-tse fly ... By and large - even in the Bush - one manages to live quite comfortably. Hope all goes well at home - Love from Keith.

Letter 20: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. Sunday 3rd July 1949.

My dear M and D, This past week I have remained in Degema. Next week however I go on tour to Bonny. This time I shall be there on my own, and on business not on pleasure bent ... With both myself and the D.O. in the station this has not been an arduous week. On the return of him and his wife last week I gave them dinner. As I have left most of my eating-irons and crockery in P.H. I had to borrow extensively to cope for the occasion. Yesterday I gave a duty dinner to a young man of my own age who works for the United Africa Co. here. Afterwards, as usual on a Saturday we adjourned to the club where I played bridge and ping-pong. On Tuesday I dined with a youngish couple - he also works for U.A.C. - and played chess with his wife. During the week I have given the prison a good deal of attention. In the mornings I have prowled around the station keeping check on the various gangs. My path draining and cambering progresses but not as fast as it should. Because of their slowness I kept the gang employed on it working overtime the other day. Besides prisoners we also have some paid station labourers. For a day's work they earn 1/6d With so little incentive it is scarcely surprising that they don't strain themselves overmuch: and it is only my appearing on the scenes unexpectedly from time to time that keeps them up to the mark. As a gentle warning to the others I sacked one of their number yesterday. The other afternoon I was Sitting reading on the veranda when I was told that a Court Messenger escorting 5 persons wished to see me. He had brought the bodies in to Degema to go to prison. Before admittance however their warrants for committal required countersigning. Two of the five were women. They had been convicted in the Native Court of stealing a sheep, and had been sentenced to a fine of £2 or 1 month's imprisonment. They could not pay the fine, so I confirmed the sentence. One of the men was a judgement debtor. Three years ago he had been given 6 months in which to pay £4 damages, and he still had not begun to pay the money. I confirmed his 2 months. Of the remaining couple one was a very old stager with a fringe of white hairs round his jowl, the other was younger and suffered from a nervous twitch. Both these men had been sentenced to 1 year plus 12 strokes. Their offence, to which they had pleaded guilty, was stealing some cassava roots from somebody else's land. Out here predial larceny is regarded as one of the worst of crimes. I asked the men why they had taken the cassava and they gave me the excellent reason that they took it because they were hungry. Judging by their appearance I was well able to believe that was probable. In consultation with the D.O. I cancelled the flogging, but confirmed the imprisonment. This I did in their own interests, as a means of ensuring them proper food and medical attention ... Yesterday I visited all the prisoners in their cells informally after work. I did the hearty; and felt very much as I used to when as Commanding Officer I made my rounds in 446 Supply Section back in India. On Friday afternoon I accompanied the D.O. on a sudden and surprise jaunt. A town in the Division called Buguma had offered opposition the previous day to the lawful operations of the Police. The D.O. thought that prompt action was required; so with 8 or 9 police with us we went by launch to B. In pouring rain we made our way to where the trouble had occurred. The police then began to 'winkle' out all and sundry, and had a great time with their handcuffs. The bodies were congregated in a juju house, and then were sorted out. We returned home with a bag of 14 on board. I am reading a good book about China at the moment called 'Valiant Dust' by Margaret Mackprang Mackay. It deals with life between 1880 and 1900, and so far the scene had largely been set in Tientsin. My greetings to all the dear dear people at home. Don't do anything that I would not do. Love from Keith.

Letter 21: c/o The Resident's Offiice, Port Harcourt. Saturday 9th July 1949.

My dear M and D, I have had no missive from you this week, but this does not surprise me as I have been rather remote during the latter half of the week. At about 4 p.m. on Wednesday I left Degema by launch. With me I had Phi lip and Boniface and all my kit except for the stuff I have left in Ms Belcher's care in P.H ... There was another passenger on board, a D.O. from another of the Creek Divisions. As we steamed towards P.H. we played chess together. We did not reach our destination till nearly 8 p.m. I put a razor, toothbrush and a pair of trousers in a haversack, and, accompanied by my boys, I walked up to the rest house hoping I would find a spare bed. I was lucky, and spent a comfortable night there. The following morning I drew £500 from the bank, and visited a few shops. I left P. H. in the launch, this time alone, at noon. We first called at a place called Okrika, where I saw the £500 deposited into the local Treasury, and then we continued our journey. We were bound for Bonny. I had lunch on board, omelette and chips, at 3 o'clock. It was 5:45 before all my goods and chattels had been put ashore: and I had no time that evening to do anything. To make things easier for Philip I had a bathe instead of my usual bath. Last time I was in Bonny was at Easter, you may remember, when I was here on holiday. This time I am here on business and am on my own. Although it is very far from being the case, and absurd though it is, I have felt since I have been here something of the feeling that I associate with family summer holidays. It is largely due to the fact that I am by the sea, and to the fact that at this time of year the climate corresponds to some extent to English summer weather. I am seated as I type in the Government rest house. Only a few yards in front of me the waves are beating on the sand. looking ahead I can see the light at the mouth of the Bonny River winking in the distance. Earlier this evening there was a brisk breeze blowing, but this has subsided now with the result that the sand flies and mosquitoes are a little more troublesome than they would otherwise be - they in fact are really the only snag to this place. Fond of the sea as I am I do love seeing and hearing it again. What is wanting here however is the noise of seagulls. On Friday morning I got together with the executive committee of the Clan Council and prepared the financial estimates for the year 1950-51. It was the first time I had ever prepared any estimates and I was not too sure how one set about it. Fortunately I had a good Treasury Supervisor with me who gave me the necessary lead. Once we got going I gathered the hang of it, and found it fairly plain sailing. Fortunately for me, it being my first effort, I could hardly have had an easier set of estimates to deal with. Total Bonny revenue for the year came to less than £1300. Practically all this sum was earmarked at the outset for certain standard items such as salary of the few officials employed in the end we were left with only £50 to play with. I made various suggestions as to how this sum might be spent: in starting a nursery garden, launching a mass literacy campaign, providing a couple of scholarships to two deserving Bonny children, or in paying for the training of a girl as a midwife. The last suggestion took the fancy of the committee. Their enthusiasm however was damped when they recalled that a public latrine for women required repairing. It was a corrugated iron structure supported on piles above the drab waters of a muddy creek. We waited for an occupant to depart, I entered the shack. Inside I found a trough-like affair running the length of the building. It had no bottom. The latrine certainly required attention; and we estimated the cost at £40. To avoid having to forego the midwife, it was decided that )atrine repairs should be put down as works extraordinary - which would enable the cost to be met out of a reserve fund. Today I spent the morning in court, hearing reviews. One of the cases was quite amusing. A woman by name Obadiah Jane sued a man for defamation of character, alleging that in public he had said that her head was rotten. The defendant did not deny this but alleged that the woman had in her turn defamed his character by saying in public that he was a useless man and that he had a watering mouth. I did not think that there was much to choose between them. The Native Court had awarded Jane £2 -10 - 0 damages. I let that stand but ordered that she should pay the man a similar sum for defamation of his character - thus leaving them all square. Well, such is life ... Greetings and love from Keith.

Letter 22: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. 24th July 1949.

My dear M and D, This week I write to you again from Degema. I left Okrika by launch last Tuesday. That evening we reached P.H. I went ashore, met my various friends, supped at the rest house, and slept on my camp bed on board. On Wednesday morning I did a little shopping, lunched on board, and sailed at 1:30. We reached Degema at about six. I summoned a squad of prisoners, who carried my kit up to my house. The D.O. has gone to Lagos to see his wife off. I had a telegram yesterday saying that he has be,en admitted to hospital there and that I am to remain in charge of the Division until he returns. This will be fairly soon I think. During the past week I have collected a waif. I found her as I was going round Okrika making a map. I first noticed her by reason of the leaf she was using as a bandage to cover a great ulcerous sore on her leg. I gave her a chit to take to the dispenser and a penny to start treatment. I checked to see that she had been to the dispensary, and saw her being treated there. That was that, I thought, as far as I was concerned. But I was wrong. A day or two later the girl approached me with a request for money to buy "chop" (food). I had noticed before how appallingly thin, or rather emaciated, she was; and I thought it was up to me now to look further into her circumstances ... Her arms and legs were about the width of a walking stick. She was clad only with a foul cloth about her loins. She occupied a partially built room about 8 ft. square in a partially built house. There were two doorways without doors; there was no window. There was no roof. There was no floor - just the uneven ground covered with weeds. The girl's total possessions amounted to one plank, 6 inches Wide and about 3 feet long, on which I suppose she tried to sleep; one earthenware cooking pot; and two old tins. A few twigs indicated where she made her fire; and the smell from the adjoining shell of a room indicated that it served her as a latrine ... It was with difficulty that the interpreter was able to get her to answer his questions. She hardly had the strength necessary to speak ... To cut the story short, to my surprise I learned that out of all the dwellers in Okrika the C. M. S. African Pastor in charge of the big church I described to you in my last letter was responsible for her. I interviewed the pastor, and learnt that the girl's parents were dead and that he was her uncle. The man's attitude made me so sick that I could hardly bring myself to look at him ... Through speaking to him I learnt that the girl whom I imagine to be a child of about 12 was at least 18 or 19. This ulcer I had seen she had had for eight or nine years, during the whole of which time the pastor had been responsible for her - he admitted never sending her to hospital, but said that he had twice sent her to native doctors! I brought the girl back to Degema with me, and she now is in the hospital here. You may remember me telling you that I was writing a play called liThe Silver Wedding". I have now finished writing it. It needs polishing; and I shall have to try and find someone to type it out for me ... I can't tell whether it is any good. I fear it may not have sufficient action. I have not tried to be clever or intellectual in it. I have concentrated on trying to make my characters live. And to do that I have drawn very much from life - in other words the family and Goodie ... (plus some make-believe, let me add.) I have rather enjoyed doing it. It is Sunday evening as I type. I finished dinner some time ago, and I'm at present seated on the Veranda outside the house. Because of the rain which fell during most of the afternoon, it is pleasantly cool. I have been listening to my wireless. First hour music; the news; then hymn-singing by Methodists; and now chamber music. Having a wireless makes a colossal difference to life. One no longer feels remote but incredibly in touch with the rest of the world - Love to all from Keith.

Letter 23: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. 31st July 1949.

(this is not typed too well, because, for practice, I have not been looking at the keys). My dear M and D, While the D.O. (Bill Newington) has been away, I have remained the whole of this past week in Degema; and I have been kept pretty busy. Strictly speaking office hours are from eight till two; however most days I have not been getting away until nearer 3:30 - consequently I have been lunching at a pretty late hour! Last Wednesday was a holiday on account of it being a big Muslim festival. One Muslim from the North referred to it to me as Mohammedan Christmas. As there are only a negligible number of Muslims in the south I was surprised that it was declared a public holiday for the whole country ... I found it very hard to believe when my clerks assured me that next Monday, being the first Monday in August, was also holiday. Rather tha,n believe them, I decided to wire the Resident to confirm. This to my surprise he did! The clerks had a laugh at my expense ... During the past week, although confined to the office most of the time, I have met a variety of persons. In fact a great deal of the morning is taken up in attending to visitors, who have either got complaints or petitions to make. The following are among some of the persons I have seen: - a deputation of station labourers, who feared that by being paid on the 26th of each month they were thereby losing four or five days every month. With the aid of an office calendar and a paper knife as pointer I demonstrated to the men that there were the same number of days between the 26th of each month as between the 30th of each ... Secretaries of various ex-servicemen's associations came one morning to discuss which of their members should be selected to go to a rally to be held shortly ... Pedro, a building contractor, wanted to be paid some money for services rendered. He asked for £4. I cut it to £1-10. On his moaning, I increased my figure to 2 pounds - one of the worst features of this country is that, because so many people are inherently dishonest, one can trust no one ... Limejuice Bob Manuel (a genuine name) came to put a feeler out with regard to securing a contract. I gave him little grounds for hope ... A certain Whyte wanted to borrow £200 from the government in order to establish a poultry farm in a morass of mangrove swamp. I told him that he would find drying fish a more profitable undertaking. Whyte has the distinction of having a brother in England, who is living in sin with a typist somewhere in Kensington. He showed me their respective photos the other day ... A Court-Messenger brought a corpse from up-country - believed to have been foully murdered ... A retired government schoolmaster complained of having been assessed too highly for tax ... The head ferry man complained of insubordination on the part of a junior ferry man ... Two young men stated that they had not been paid for work they had done, "moulding bricks" as they called it... A woman, brought before me by the Sgt of Police, and charged with having stolen £4 from the wallet of a sailor she had been sleeping with. I sent her to prison to await trial... A Mrs Cyclops Briggs reported to me that there was a leper lad, who despite her protests would hang around near her children. I sent a CourtMessenger to bring the boy to me. He looked to be in a bad way, and the M. o. confirmed that he was in an infectious state of leprosy. I got hold of Cyclops Briggs and Pedro, both "Town Councillors", and urged them to see that a segregation hut was provided for the boy and that he received food. In the meantime I promised to investigate the chances of getting him into a leper colony ... As the boy is without a father and has been deserted by his mother, and as he is not a native of these parts, I am afraid that the "town-councillors" won't do anything unless Bill or I give them a lot of prodding ... Bill is due to return today. That being so, it should not be long before I move to Ahoada Division, where I expect to become a fixture for the rest of the tour. I will not be sorry for the change. This Division, on account of its geography is a bit of a dead end. One can't hope to make a great deal of progress when the whole of the area consists of creeks and swamps. It is by no means certain that I will after all be able to return to England on leave this December. It is disappointing, as I was looking forward to having Christmas on the home front and to seeing friends again. It is unpleasant not knowing what will happen. I like to be able to look forward to a definite date ... I am writing to you on Sunday morning. It's a very drab day - grey and top-heavy with clouds. We have been having a lot of rain lately. August, I'm told is the rainiest month. Love from Keith.

Letter 24: The District Office, Ahoada, Rivers Province. 7th August.

My dear M and D, You will see that at the top of this letter I have at last put a new address. Hitherto knowing that I will be moving around a good deal, I had left you with the Resident's office as a forwarding address. Now however I am about to go to a new Division, where I expect to work for the rest of the tour. It is a Division in the same province as I have been in since arriving out here. P.H. remains my Headquarters, and Chubb my Resident. I left Degema by launch yesterday. Last night and tonight I am staying at the rest house in P.H. Tomorrow, Monday, I shall be motoring to Ahoada, which is about 45 miles from P.H. Yesterday I visited one or two friends, including my Nigerian friend Or Adjibadi. Today I am taking things easy, and shall spend most of the day writing. Then tomorrow I shall be very busy buying in stores and the various other things I need, and which I shall not be able to buy in the Bush. I have not got a great deal to report on this week. On Monday Bill the D.O. returned from Lagos where he had spent a few days in hospital. I put him wise as to what had been happening in his absence. Having done which, knowing that in a day or so that I would be leaving, there was nothing much else for me to do. Two of my warders have recently got themselves into hot water. I fined one of them 10 shillings for having left his gang of prisoners unattended. At the time, when given the opportunity, he raised no objection to this punishment, but the following day I received a long screed full of vilification of the Senior Warder. It was he who had reported the warder to me. He accused him of making use of prisoners to make clothes for himself and his family - to collect sand at low water in order to use it in building work, thereby pocketing the sum allotted for the purchase of sand - to collect leaves to feed to his goats - and much more besides ... The warder sent a copy of his letter to the Director of Prisons, and I think - and trust - that it will do him much more harm than good. Without proof, the junior warder's complaint is so much whining ... Another warder is awaiting trial in the magistrates court for stealing coconuts ... The other day I got very annoyed with a combined Customs Official and Treasurer. I went into his office to enquire about something, and he remained seated at his table while I stood beside it. In a very quiet voice I told him it was customary to stand up when addressed by someone senior to oneself. This individual had the coolness to say that he did not agree, and began paying me little or no attention. Then he got a broadside ... My love to all Keith.

Letter 25: Ahoada. 21849

My dear M and D, Fancy you entertaining a girl from Lagos. From what you have seen of her don't get the idea that she is representative of the youth of this country. The Lagos young person, enjoying higher education in the UK, is the exception and very very far from being the rule. The people I have to deal with bear, of course, no comparison with her. The majority of her compatriots, who are fortunate enough to study on the strength of Government scholarships in the UK, show a distressing tendency to vilify the Government and country that has befriended them; and to show infinitely less appreciation of the work being done by Government, commerce and missions alike in their native land than do their less enlightened countrymen. I am writing to you on my silver birthday. It is pleasant that it falls on a Sunday. I am having a quiet and pleasant day. By way of a little treat I am making myself some coconut ice, for which I recently had the recipe sent me by a friend. By the way, I believe I may have told you that I was in charge of 120 miles of road. That was an understatement -it is more like 250 miles. Yesterday I returned from tour. Last Tuesday morning I set out in a lorry with Boniface and a few loads. After an hour we took two canoes down the Orashi river. My destination was Joinkrama. On arrival I was directed to the house which the two American Baptist missionary ladies occupy. It is a house ra ised off the ground on iron supports. However it has one bedroom underneath, and this was the one that I occupied. I found my hosts in the clinic a few hundred yards away. I arrived in time for a mid-morning cup of coffee. While we drank our beverage in the office, I could hear an African reading from the Scriptures to those waiting for attention outside. Somewhat later, in a momentary lull in our conversation, same voice was heard to say "Anyone making stools on the ground will be fined 2/6d!" The morning service was apparently over ... I left the ladies to their duties, and proceeded to my own. I took my seat in the most "Bush" court that I have yet seen. It had no walls. The floor was a hard mud; and, dwarfing both benches and the docks alike, in three places anthills reared up like giant warts erupting from the floor. From where I sat I could see canoes paddling past on the river. On Wednesday I cycled to another village where I held a Clan Council meeting, and at which I urged the assembled somnambulant Chiefs to do what lay within their power to improve their own circumstances. I returned to Joinkrama and spent a second night with my friends. To do which I had not required much pressing on their part! I am sure you would be interested in hearing more about the Americans so I will briefly describe how they live. They only began their medical work on the Orashi three years ago, beginning from scratch. They now have a clinic, maternity home, and the embryo of a hospital on the bank of the river, where formerly there had been thick bush. The buildings are of mud. Flowers are planted round them - I even saw a rose bush. To my surprise I noticed that there were electric light bulbs dangling in the buildings; and never would I have expected to have found such a businesslike operating theatre in a hut built of sticks and mud ... The missionaries at the moment are living in a house that is the property of the U.A.C. (United Africa Company). Permanent buildings for the mission are in the process of erection. Normally speaking there are three ladies at Joinkrama, but one of them due soon has not returned from leave. Their Lady doctor too has just gone on leave to the States after a 3 year tour. They get a year's leave at the end of that time ... I was delighted to see that my American friends were able to live comfortably. The food was excellent - meals were prefaced by a short prayer. They had an impressive refrigerator. The house was well furnished and had a homey atmosphere. There were a number of books in the shelves, ranging from thick tomes on medicine and nursing to the luridly coloured paper covered backs of American thrillers. The first evening we sat down to dinner at a very attractive board - candles on finely worked lace cloth. On the second we ate off trays balanced on our knees, seated at the foot of the garden overlooking the river ... Earlier that evening I had been initiated into the American game of throwing horse-shoes ... As regards dress, the missionaries wore white during the day; and in the evenings appeared in stylish new length frocks, beautifying themselves at the same time with a discreet use of make-up... Joinkrama is in the back of beyond, and to provide them with as good a link as possible with the outside world the missionaries have a canoe with the unique attachment of an outboard motor and a Jeep station-wagon, which is kept at a village on the other side of the river - an hour or so's travelling time away... I will give further details of the past week in a letter to my Grandmother. All good wishes and love from Keith.

Letter 26: Ahoada, 31st August. (written on the 28th but I fear I missed the post.)

My dear M and D, This week I have been out on tour again. I remained in the Station on Monday and Tuesday. On the former day I entertained my two American Lady friends of the Mission to breakfast - a late one at 11 0' clock! During the first two days of the week I caught up with work that was waiting for my attention in Ahoada. Amongst other duties I visited the Prison again, and was glad to find on this inspection that steps had been taken to improve its condition. I was confronted by a deputation of warders wishing to protest against the new regulations I had introduced. Formerly a warder who did night duty got the whole of the subsequent day off; I however recently altered this, and now allow them only half a day off. I let them say what they wanted to, which they did quite pleasantly, but I did not alter my instructions. On Wednesday I sallied out in my small car. Philip and Boniface followed with my belongings in a lorry. Christian was left behind in Ahoada to hold the fort ... Together with an interpreter I visited a number of villages in a certain neighbourhood. The purpose of my visit was to try to interest them in joining together for the purpose of building themselves a road. As their work had to be free gratis, I was not sure how far they would rally round. I had to hound them out of their homes on the first day. They began work at about 10 o'clock. At noon an anxious Chief approached me to say that his men complained of hunger and intended clearing off. I held up the general exodus for a bit; but then it began to pour and it almost literally became a case of 'rain stopped play'. People I had working elsewhere actually continued until 3:30! The second day I was agreeably surprised to find that is was not necessary for me to chase reluctant villagers from their beds. I won't pretend that they were particularly quick off the mark; but at least men and boys began trickling down to where the work was to take place of their own accord. The day, Friday, there must have been as many as 500 or 600 people working all together. Quite a number of small naked toddlers joined in the work; and it would have horrified you, I know, to have seen these piccins wielding matchets half as big as themselves! I hesitate to think how much work will be done on the road in the absence of myself and the D.O.... Nor can I pretend that very much was achieved in the two days that I was present, exhorting them forward. However although their working day was even shorter than that favoured by the Labour Government, I think that it was a little bit of an achievement to get anyone to turn out at all to work for no reward except the ultimate good of the community ... On both days I found my job of Foreman a wearying one; and was ready for bed soon after my evening meal. Yesterday I left the village where I had been staying and motored 80 miles to Okwigi where my Danish friends are now stationed. It is delightful being with them here. They have a lovely house, in comparison with which mine is little better than a ramshackle garage. But the real beauty of their house is the view it enjoys. Here there are hills - yes, real hills. It is a great relief to be able to look down on the Bush instead of being constantly hemmed in by it. Here it is a different countryside altogether to any other that I have so far seen out here. It is no longer thick jungle; in fact it is more like what I imagine savanna country to be like ... Early tomorrow morning I shall be leaving on my return journey to Ahoada. Greetings and Love to you From Keith.

Letter 27: The District Office, Ahoada. Sunday 18th September.

My dear M and D, I have had another full week. On Monday and Tuesday I remained in Ahoada, and on Wednesday I set out on a short tour ... By the way I don't think I have ever given you any facts about the size of the Division. I don't know what its area is, but from North to South at its longest point it is 100 miles, and at its widest west to east point it must be about 75. On Wednesday I once again set off in my car with the interpreter while my loads, accompanied by Boniface, followed by lorry. I took my seat in Court at 11 o'clock. It was the largest and most impressive Court in which I have so far operated. It was about 100 feet long, and it was full of people. On either side of my dais sat the Elders. In the body of the building women sat on one side of the central aisle and men on the other. Outside, spectators stood as many as three deep at times watching the proceedings over the low surrounding wall. Except for a one hour break when I ate some sandwiches, I remained in Court until 6:15, after which I inspected a local Scout Troop. Even on returning to the rest house I was not free, as a succession of people came to see me with requests or complaints to make. It was the same thing on Thursday except for the fact that after a walk of inspection round the town, I took my seat in Court at 9:30 ... On Friday I rose at 6:30. Leaving my car behind I set out with my boys and loads in the lorry shortly after 8. I did this having been informed that the road was flooded. Sure enough after going 4 miles we found ourselves confronted by a sheet of water. The interpreter and I with a couple of cycles crossed the obstacle by canoe, and then cycled the remaining 9 miles to our destination. A gang of labourers in due course carried my loads thither ... Again I took my seat in Court - not such an elaborate one this time. Before resuming again after my break for sandwiches, Stanley King, the D.O. of Ahoada, arrived as I had anticipated he might on a flying visit. I did no reviewing that afternoon, but instead prospected with S for a good site for a new rest house we propose building in that place. This involved us in a certain amount of walking and cycling; and the locals who accompanied us were vouchsafed the sight of their A.D.O. on two occasions up a tree. Our questing was successful for I think we have found a good site overlooking the Orashi river ... Yesterday morning I resumed my sitting in Court. After disposing of the remainder of the cases, I conducted my sort of Citizen's Advice Bureau. Following which I revisited the site for the new rest house in the company of the land owner. That over, there followed a cycle ride back to where I had left my car, once again crossing the flooded area by canoe. Having pumped up the tyres of my car, I did the 23 mile journey back to Ahoada - and on my return at 5:30 I at last had an opportunity of tackling my picnic lunch. But even then I was not left long to do that in peace, for soon after 6 the African Magistrate whom I knew in Degema - and who with this English wife had just arrived in Ahoada - came and invaded my house and showed a marked lack of perception in not knowing when it was time for him to go. The week ended with dinner with Stanley and Vera. In contrast to my ((Bush" appearance during the week, I thought I would take the opportunity of dining out to dress smoothly for once. I think I rather took friend Stanley by surprise when I appeared on his doorstep wearing my dashing check suit, with Peter'sll horsey tie round my neck and a foxy handkerchief in my breast pocket... ... In giving you rough details of my tour, I forgot to mention that on Friday evening I inspected a government leper clinic. The inmates seemed greatly to appreciate my visit ... As a matter of fact one of the cases I heard caused me to send a leper to prison for 6 months for having stolen a goat ... You would have been amused to have watched me running my "Citizens' Advice Bureau" yesterday. One of those who came to see me was a pretty young girl. She told me that while she was still a child her father had given her in a marriage to a man whom she did not wish to marry. (The girl had only recently reached maturity, and I understood that as yet she had never lived with her husband.) She told me that she wanted to marry one man only and that was a certain Rufus. I decided to help the girl, and called for everyone concerned. A little later I had Beatrice, her father and her husband, and Rufus and his mother all standing before me. I asked Rufus, who looked a pleasant fellow, whether he loved Beatrice. He said he did. Then as much for the information of the people watching as for that of those directly concerned I explained why I was taking an interest in this matter. I told them of the very poor view I took of their normal outlook regarding marriage in which women are looked upon as so much realisable and negotiable property. I reminded them of a case which I had just settled in which the ownership of the girl child was disputed. In the space of a few years the mother of child in question had been 'married' to the plaintiff 3 times and to the defendant twice! On my giving judgement the case had terminated with the unedifying spectacle of a tussle, as the successful 3rd party only sought to take possession of the girl. It was to avoid that sort of thing, I explained, that I was ready to help any who wished to marry from motives of affection (love as we know it, I would say in parenthesis, is virtually non-existent out here) ... Well I think I went a fair way in effecting the union of Beatrice and Rufus ... I trust that when all necessary dowry payments and refunds have been made - when in fact there is no cause or just impediment - they will do as I suggested and get married either in Church or by the D.O. - Love and greetings to all at home from Keith.

Letter 28: Ahoada. 24th September.

My dear M and D, I must tell you that all thought of my returning home on leave this winter is off. I visited the Resident on Wednesday, and he told me that I might as well give up hope; and rather remain any longer in vague doubt, this is what I have done. There is a lot in favour of returning home on leave next summer for 4 - 5 months rather than flying back for 8 weeks this Christmas. At any rate I don't think that one can go on in a state of uncertainty any longer. I have accordingly orientated myself to facing the prospect of remaining another 9 or 10 months in this patch of Bush. As a matter of fact that prospect does not fill me with horror. There is masses to do here, and the time simply flies by. In Stanley I have an excellent man to work with; and I look forward before leaving this place to seeing evidence of progress having been made - progress for which I will have been responsible. If I were to return home this December, I could not hope to see anything very much achieved. I believe there are big possibilities in this Division. This news will be a disappointment to you I'm afraid, but I think you will understand. I have been staying in Ahoada this past week, but despite that fact I have moved around quite a lot. On Wednesday I motored into P.H. having first attended a Clan Council meeting. Besides seeing the Resident I also took the opportunity of doing a little shopping, and more important of having my hair cut - the first time for 6 weeks! Yesterday and today I have motored to a Court a few miles away, taking my picnic lunch with me. I sent 2 men to prison - one a debtor, the other a poor type who, in a statement in Court, made the following startling confession; "Plaintiff called me to give false evidence on his behalf as I did in action he took against ... and I gave false evidence without payment." ... I had my usual quota of adultery cases as the following excerpts will show - "Question by Defendant: Did I have sexual intercourse with you or your wife?" (rather an odd query I should have thought.) - " ... I made no objection to Plaintiffs concubinage with Chief Morning. I agreed to their lovership until my brother returns." ... The English in which the Court Clerk records proceedings is often quaint and sometimes unintelligible ... As I was walking back to my house from the Office yesterday morning, I saw an unusual sight - a pair of legs sticking out of a box tied to a carrier of a bicycle. I inspected and found that the rest of the body was covered with some coarse matting. The box hummed with the noise of rapacious flies. The body was dead. I called the Police Sergeant, who told me that it had just been brought in by a man who had come to report death by drowning. Before the body could be placed beneath the sod, it had still to do a cycle journey of 30 miles or so together with a canoe trip in order to reach the nearest Doctor for the prescribed post-mortem. I am continuing this letter on Sunday morning. Last night I held quite a successful little dinner-party. Stanley and Vera, and the visiting African Magistrate and his London wife (acquaintances from Degema) were my guests. Boniface produced a good meal: soup, roast leg of pork, peas, roast potatoes, 'apple sauce', and gravy, banana jelly, and coffee - the pork being washed down with a little French red wine ... The pork came from the Cold Store in P.H. It is fairly easy from time to time to get meat, butter, bacon, fat, yeast, and potatoes from the cold store. I am always very pleased to get some meat from it, as I get rather tired of endlessly eating chicken. There is not much bush meat available in Ahoada. I have eaten an animal called 'Cuttinggrass', in appearance very like a rat; and no doubt I have also had some sort of deer or antelope. Fresh veg is not easy to get and tinned is expensive. The D.O. and I have a small kitchen garden, which a few prisoners look after. From this we get quite good runner beans, and I have also had some lettuces - the tomatoes have all got blight. In the market one can buy tomatoes and onions; and I quite often eat green paw-paw as a vegetable. At the moment .there does not seem to be much choice of fruit. I have an orange every day for my breakfast; and there are still any number of guavas in my garden. Pineapples unfortunately seem to be out of season. All my milk is of course tinned. Boniface makes my bread - quite satisfactorily. Eggs are plentiful, costing about 2d each. Fish is hard to come by here in contrast to Degema. Thanks to the stores stocked by the shops in P.H. to supplement local resources, I find I can do quite well for sustenance out here ... I have just been reading 'Murder at the Vicarage' by Agatha C. I much enjoyed it; and feel rather pleased because I suspected the right person although I did not correctly deduce all the facts ... I am trying my hand at growing a few flowers in my garden. I am growing some sunflowers and cornflowers from seed. I have transplanted some cannas - unfortunately in this part neither climate nor soil are for flowers or vegetables ... Love to all at home from Keith. PS - I heard Stafford Cripps speak last Sunday. I wonder how far devaluation is going to bump up the cost of living. Cripps was optimistic, I thought, when he suggested its only effect might be the increase in the cost of a loaf from 4 1/2d to 6d. (I don't think I ever told you that a fortnight or so ago Philip's wife and 3 small children appeared on the scene - so I now have a correspondingly larger menage.)

Letter 29: The District Office, Ahoada. Sunday 16th

My dear M and D, I moved out of my quaint dwelling last Wednesday to allow the use of it to a Senior Officer visiting Ahoada. It suited me quite well to move out, for it means that I have got all my belongings packed up in good time and will avoid a last-minute rush. I paid off Levinus my small-boy, a week or two ago; and last week I did the same to Boniface my cook. I am now staying with my neighbour in Ahoada - an engineer who is building a bridge. He is a Devon man and a very pleasant fellow. His name is Sidmouth, and he has relations who live in Torquay. He will continue to put me up until I leave for P.H. on the 25th. From Sunday to Friday last week I stayed put in Ahoada, but yesterday I had a change of scene. I motored to a pleasant place beside a lake in the adjoining Division. I arrived yesterday afternoon, and will be leaving tomorrow morning. My host is the A.D.O. of this Division. We are occupying an attractive rest house, overlooking the lake. As I write I hear the oars of a heavy canoe being rowed slowly by. Also staying here is a married couple and their infant daughter. They are Dutch, and he works for Shell. We have had a good weekend together - bathing (both in the sun and in the water), fishing, and canoeing - and we have fed like lords. The four of us this evening confronted 2 roast chickens for our dinner. ConSidering we are in the middle of the rainy season, we have been exceedingly fortunate to have had two fine days. Tomorrow is a holiday on account of some Muslim festival. Nevertheless I shall be busy. I have to site wells in about 8 villages, and also take compass bearings of the proposed boundaries of a site for a palm-oil mill ... I have been listening to the news on the radio pretty regularly. It is not good. Are we really about to plunge into a third world conflict I wonder? Providing the fighting in Korea can be localised, the lesson taught there will have been an invaluable one - it will have shown Russia that U.N.O. (or should I say the U.S.A.) is ready to resort to military action when the necessity arises. The greatest hope for the future lies I think in the fact conflict between Russian and American troops has so far been avoided. Every day that passes without Russia sending troops to N. Korea reduces the likelihood of her doing so, and thereby reduces the imminent chance of world conflict ... That is what I think as I sit this evening beside this peaceful lake in West Africa. My love to all. Keith.

Letter 30: Ahoada, Oct 9th

My Dear M & D, Last Sunday I wrote to you from Aba, where I spent the weekend with my good friend Tim. On Monday, which was a public holiday being a Moslem festival, I returned to Ahoada. I gave lunch to four CM.S. friends from P.H. and Stanley and Vera. Tuesday and Wednesday, I was kept very busy catching up with arrears of work. On Tuesday evening, I dined with the Magistrate and his wife and the doctor who was visiting Ahoada. We ate well and had an enjoyable time playing pontoon. On Thursday I went into P.H. There I was very busy ordering £200 worth of stores: paint, cement, spades, axes and so on. In the evening, I motored to a rest house only 7 miles out of P.H. (In case you did not know, Ahoada Division extends right up to P.H.) ... On reaching this rest house at Obia, I found a rather disgruntled Philip and Boniface - disgruntled because there was no kitchen and because the Boy's Quarters had collapsed. Boniface improvised a kitchen in the garage. He and Philip bedded down for the night beneath the rest-house roof; and I drove my car into the 'parlour' for shelter ... The rest-house itself was in anything but a good condition: the walls were crumbling, the matting roof was full of holes and the place was bare of furniture. On Friday morning I divorced a couple of Jehovah's Witnesses and went into the ramifications of two land disputes. In the afternoon I inspected the disputed areas with the parties concerned. Two Court Messengers did their best to keep off the rag, tag and bobtail that interested themselves in my movements. To be perfectly frank, inspecting the land left me little if any the wiser as to who were the rightful owners. However, it satisfied the expectation of the parties and the curiosity of bystanders to see me mooching around plots of cassava ... In one of the disputes, the Mission was the plaintiff. If I was to believe what I was told - which of course I never do -the Mission authorities had sat back and watched a corner of their cemetery being appropriated and a row of houses being built on it. On inspection it was quite evident to me that the houses must have been built at least 18 months ago. On Saturday morning, I finished off in Court. There followed a 12-mile cycle ride along the bush paths, so narrow that at times it was almost impossible to see the ground for the press of grass on either side. The purpose of this trip was to investigate the prospects of making a road. On returning, I had a few sandwiches and then set off on a cycle again to visit another proposed road. I called in at the CMS girls' school at Elelenwa on my return, where I had a cup of tea. After changing in the rest house, I motored into P.H. - having invited myself to the American Baptist Missionaries there. They were very friendly; and I can foresee them becoming quite a port of call when I find my way into P.H. in the future. After dining, some of us went to the flicks ... My 2 'girlfriends' from Joinkrama were also in P.H. for the weekend. The Carsons, for such was the name of my hosts, asked me to spend the night, but I thought it best to motor back to my rest-house ... Then, today I am jaunting again. This Sunday, I am staying with Christopher Ollard at Bori, where he is looking after me very kindly, and I am delighted to be seeing him again. His wife, Rachel unfortunately had recently to fly home as her father died suddenly. At last we are approaching the end of the wet season. I am looking forward to having sunshine again - I have been surprised at the grey skies one gets in the tropical forest belt. Love to you all at home from Keith.

Letter 31: Ahoada, Saturday Oct. 22nd

My Dear M and D, Thank you, M, for your letter of the 13th. I was interested to hear that you are now the proud possessor of a standard Vanguard. I agree with you, M, that it is a slug-like looking machine. I think they look much better inside than out. The Vanguard is a very popular car out here. Stanley has one. How do you like the gear change on the steering column, D? I am writing this letter on Saturday evening. It has been a very occupied week. This morning I went to the office at 8 pm, and except for a visit to the prison remained there solidly until 3 pm, when I returned home for a large curry lunch. This evening Stanley and I bowled a cricket ball at each other. I have had my supper, a simple one of spaghetti and a cold sweet; and am now seated at my desk in my pyjamas. My wireless is playing some rather nondescript music, but it makes a pleasant background -and at least it serves to offset the night noises of the jungle about me. I say noises of the jungle, but they don't amount to much more than the constant humming and whirring of insect life and the occasional cry by a night bird. Everything seems unbelievably peaceful, and I have that pleasant feeling of knowing that tomorrow is a Sunday and that I shall have a chance of idling and of attending to my own affairs. It is some time since I was last in Ahoada for a weekend, and it is rather pleasant now to be back at base ... And the base is, I'm glad to say, improving in appearance. Prisoners have built me one very necessary wall. A local carpenter is fitting windows into the front of the house which at present is open to the four winds of heaven. So far he has got as far as fitting in the necessary frames. Before I know where I am it will actually be possible to shut up the house at night and when I go away on tour. I look around my domain and I am quite well pleased with what I see. Admittedly there is not much furniture, but there is enough to meet my needs. My shortage of chairs is partially made good by three camel skin puffs. I have the concrete floor well covered with mats and my two carpets. I have a shelf filled with books. On some other shelves I have my few pieces of glass and pottery, "aunt Rosie's" teapot sugar basin and milk jug, the round tray that you, M, bought as a Christmas present for me at the sale in '47, and a couple of pewter mugs. On the walls I have a few pictures. Here and there about the room I have photos of family and friends. I have a few of my familiar ornaments with me - things such as my ivory St George and the Dragon, a little laughing Buddha, a sandalwood Vishnu (a 21st birthday present), and my red duck Belinda made by Marion out in India ... All of which have by' now become old friends ... You, M, would I'm sure be pleased to see the door mat to wipe dirty feet on that I have seen fit to buy. About the room I have got the odd jam jar filled with red flowers. Unfortunately there is little choice of flowers. I am glad to say however that some sunflowers that I have grown from seed are doing well. The cornflowers I planted have not survived. I now have some zinnias in the seed box, which can be more or less relied on to flourish. I have also transplanted some cannas, which I think will do all right ... So I live here in my home. My wants are few. They might be summed up thus: Wireless set, boy and one or two books, typewriter, car and a man what cooks ... Each day has its something attempted, something done. Though in the heat of noon I am often irascible, in the evening when work is over for the day I can usually feel that my labours have been worthwhile - and I go fairly early to bed to be ready to be able to tackle to my best whatever the morrow may bring forth. I motored back from Enugu on Monday. The last 40 miles of our journey we did in a very severe storm. Lightning seemed to be striking the forest all around us; and for long stretches the road was three or 4 inches underwater. In one place we had to leave the shelter of the car to break back the branches of a tree that had fallen across the road. I am glad to say that we arrived home safely. That night I had the novel experience of waging war for 2 }'2 hours on an army of ants that was invading my house. I did not discover them until I had retired to my bedroom at 9-30, by which time they had already established a strong footing - they were swarming all over the floor, ceiling, furniture and bed. Philip and Christian kept up a ceaseless sweeping of the floor, flinging heaps of dead bodies out of the window. Boniface burnt my only India rubber on a small fire that he had made in the corner of the room. Thereafter he burnt pungent smelling leaves and scattered embers around. I contented myself by sprinkling Jeyes fluid on concentrations of the enemy. On going outside I was appalled by the numbers of ants I saw. However, we succeeded in directing them from the house and by midnight we had succeeded in getting rid of most of those that had gone inside. As I was undressing, I heard a shout from Philip saying that ants were approaching the kitchen. I went outside and saw a column heading in the direction of the kitchen. In view of the last hour I decided an honourable retreat was justifiable. So we removed all the foodstuffs and left the field unchallenged. Love to all from Keith

Letter 32: Ahoada, November 12th

Dear M and D, It is Saturday afternoon, and I am seated on a camp chair in my garden. It is hot and the sun is shining. K.V.A. wears only a pair of shoes and a hat. His mother with her quaint ideas of his canine origin might maintain that he falls into the category of "mad dogs", but be that as it may he is at any rate an Englishman and as such enjoys the rays of the midday sun - in which respect he takes after his father ... Very well, I am sitting outside my house, and what do I see? In front me I see three flowerbeds segmented out of a compound which otherwise consists of nothing but grass. In these beds there is at present one canna just coming into flower, and a certain number of what are meant to be sunflowers. However, in all except three or four cases none of the plants have grown more than 12 inches high, having been attacked by some heartless pest. Beyond the beds I see the hedge which encloses my private domain. Immediately on the other side of the hedge is the golf course - now don't start picturing a sleekly trimmed links. The golf course corresponds to a rough field - only, of course there is no such thing as a field as we know it in this country. Looking rather like something out of "Dracula" 20 or so vultures with their wings spread are sunning themselves on the grass. 150 yards away on the other side of the golf course is a line of high bush, which runs parallel to my garden hedge. To my immediate left there is also bush but of lower growth. On my right is the house of the engineer, now empty; and beyond is the rest house and the D.O.'s house. The tallest of trees in the Bush ahead of me must be anything up to 200 feet high. Behind me is my odd-looking low longhouse, now with a line of zinnias planted in front of it - it is to be hoped that they flourish better than have the sunflowers ... Well, now you have me in my present setting, and I can proceed. Well, I wonder what news you would like to hear about this week. I should be interested to be told whether these weekly letters I write make you feel that you can to some small extent picture my life as an assistant district officer and the surroundings in which I work. Last Sunday afternoon with Stanley and Vera I visited the maternity house at Omoku, 22 miles away. On Monday afternoon I visited it again on my own; and then on Tuesday I preceded Stanley and the resident to Omoku for the opening ceremony of the said maternity home by the latter. The local chiefs, who had not done a hand's turn to assist in the erection and equipment of the home, turned up in their finest clothes eager to share in any reflected glory that was going ... Chubb suggested that the most appropriate way of opening a maternity home would be by giving birth; but not being competent to do this he contented himself by unlocking the front door. I suggested that he might declare the home open in the act of snipping someone's navel cord with a pair of silver scissors, but unfortunately there was not one suitably available ... The resident remained in Ahoada from Monday till Friday. On Monday night he dined with Stanley and Vera; and on Tuesday night we ate deer flesh with the resident. On both occasions, little was talked but shop - a failing which I observed to be very common. On Wednesday I had a very busy day in the office, dealing with a stack of files that had accumulated, interviewing police cases, and coping with the usual daily collection of persons with complaints or requests to make. As I was sitting in Stanley's house having a drink at about 8 p.m. I had a small note passed to me. It came from one of the warders, and in it I was asked to render first aid to one of the prisoners who appeared to be seriously ill. I was sceptical of the report, for only the previous day the said prisoner had been on a charge before me for malingering as reported by the dispenser. However, I went to the prison. By the light of a torch I had a look at the "sick man" in his cell. The other inmates, those that were awake gathered curiously around. When I stood beside him the sick prisoner began panting energetically. I took his pulse, and found it was a normal 80. He complained vaguely of pains in his head and chest. On considering him I came to the conclusion that far from being in extremis he was merely putting on an act. I told the warder to remain unperceived for a few moments beneath the window. He did so and reported to me that he had heard the other inmates of the cell adviSing their sick comrade to compose himself and go to sleep ... On Thursday I went to a nearby court where I reviewed cases. Yesterday and today I have been holding the fort, Stanley and Vera having gone off on tour. Today I am expecting my friend, Tim, to arrive for the weekend; and then on Monday I go on tour myself. Love from Keith.

letter 33: Ahoada, Saturday Nov 26th

My dear M and D, I would be grateful if you would keep your eyes open for a suitable gift for me to present to my godson on the occasion of his christening. It must be something reasonable, but not too expensive for, believe me, there is not a lot of money in the job of assistant district officer. By the time one has paid one's boys and cleared one's bills for food, which come to a fair sum - food being expensive, and put by for one's various insurances there is not a great deal left out of one's pay packet - particularly when one is paying off an advance, granted for the purchase of a car, in 24 monthly instalments. Last week I believe I mentioned the trouble with which I have been faced in one of the villages where I tried to hold an election meeting. As I expected I hit the front page headlines of a local anti-government rag: "A.D.O. Mr Arrowsmith orders the arrest of schoolmaster". There followed a garbled version of my visit to the village ... Before the arrest of the said schoolmaster was effected he betook himself in quick time to a lawyer friend with a view to taking an action for assault against my orderly and myself. It remains to be seen whether he intends Pllrsuing the matter further. He himself is at present released on bail pending the magistrate hearing the government's case against him early next month ... I am glad to say that the action taken by me has not been censured by the Resident, who tells me not to be put out by fabrications that appear in the press ... As you may have heard on the news, there has been trouble in Enugu, which is the capital of the eastern provinces of Nigeria. As an aftermath of this there has been some rioting in P.H ... I knew nothing about this until yesterday, but it has affected my subsequent movements. I will give you a short sequence of events. Thursday night I spent in Okwuzi, which is up in the north of the Division. After breakfast on Friday morning I attended to a few files, then went over to the court to do reviews. I had a particularly long day of it, not finishing in court until 7:15, by which time I was writing by the light of my Tilley lamp. No sooner had I left the court than I was approached by a messenger from Ahoada. He gave me a short little note from Stan which merely said "return immediately, trouble in P.H." ... I swallowed a hasty supper, and then in the company of the interpreter I got moving. We first had a 12-mile cycle ride to do, at one point being ferried across a river. Road was dark and its surface was pretty terrible but fortunately there was a little moon. Having cycled the 12 miles, I arrived where I had left my car parked, and we covered the rest of the 22 miles to Ahoada rather more quickly. At 11:15, weary, and without my boys and kit which I had left behind, I arrived at Stan's house. Once there he told me a few facts, and intimated that I would have to leave forthwith for Isoba where I would establish an HQ ... Isoba is in the southern portion of the Division, a dozen miles from P.H. There is a leper settlement there, where a few medical Europeans live including one wife - consequently a possible target for antigovernment and anti-British action. By the light of torches I drove my car onto the pontoon ferry, which crosses the Sombrero River at Ahoada. Unfortunately on leaving the pontoon on the far side of the river, one of the two ramps slipped away from the pontoon while my car was still on it that left me with two rear wheels still on the pontoon, one front wheel still on a ramp and the other in the water. Stan did noble work to retrieve my car from its predicament, and after two hours - at 2:15 a.m. - it was brought safely to terra firma without injury. The remainder of the 40-odd mile journey to Isoba was uneventful: and I arrived there at about 3:45 a.m. My arrival woke up an educational officer who was staying the night there. He rallied round and was surprisingly matey considering the hour. At 4:30 a.m. I turned in on the incredibly uncomfortable camp bed that I had borrowed from Stan ... On getting up this morning I heard a number of rumours going around. I issued orders to persons owning shot guns to surrender them: sent persons to spy out the land; and considered what steps would have to be taken were an unpleasant situation to arise in the neighbourhood. I had instructions to enrol both Special constables and swear in J.Ps if I thought it necessary, with various reports circulating as to what was going on in P.H. The earlier part of the morning held quite a feeling of excitement. However at noon I received a first-hand report from a man, one of my 'spies', that conditions in P.H. were back to normal. Subsequently I have had this confirmed. However as I have not yet received instructions to leave Isoba. I continue to remain here for the time being ... My boys and loads have, I'm glad to say, now arrived so I am selfsupporting again. The education officer left at 7 a.m., so our acquaintance was not a long one. This life offers one the blessing of a constant element of surprise ... Love to all from Keith.

Letter 34: The District Office, Ahoada Saturday, Dec 3rd

My dear M and D, I don't know what I shall do over Christmas. Various people have made tentative suggestions that I might join them; but the fact of the matter is that there is no one in P.H. with whom I am particularly anxious to join up. I should like to stay with my Danish friends; but that is prescribed by reason of the fact that Stanley will be away over Christmas, and I am not at liberty to go so far afield ... I look forward to my local leave in January; but that as yet is not properly fixed up. As I have said I hope to sally forth in the company of Tim; but he has not yet even had his leave approved. I hope he gets a move on, but until he is settled we can't make any other definite arrangements. In this life of an Assistant District Officer I never know what may turn up next. Last week I told you about my surprise overnight move to Isoba on account of the disturbances. That was followed by another surprise move, this time to P.H. On Sunday afternoon I received a note from the Resident asking me to come into his office the following morning, as he was snowed under with work. From Monday to Thursday I worked in his office, decoding telegrams and helping to sort things out after the upheaval in office routine caused by the riots. I left my boys and loads out at Isoba, and fed with friends. While in P.H ., friends gave me lunch. One evening I took potluck with Margaret Belcher; another with the American missionaries; and another time with a married couple with whom I am friendly. I was pleased to have this opportunity of meeting people again; and two nights I stayed in P.H ... Then on Wednesday I received instructions for another surprise move. Christopher Ollard came into P.H. with a poisoned hand, and was ordered hospital treatment, so I was told to go and hold the fort in Ogoni Division for a few days. I am staying in Chris's house, and I'm enjoying an idle three days. On Monday I shall leave and resume work as A.D.O., Ahoada. I have been away without my wireless set, and therefore very in the dark as to what has been going on in the big bad world ... Out here the few who have enjoyed the benefits of a smattering of education endeavour to stir up trouble, but the vast mass of the people remain unquestioningly content with things as they are (Believing Britain's administration objectively to be in Nigeria's best interest, the government provided scholarships to some Nigerians to study in the UK, the idea being that they would draw the same conclusion. From the sense of frustration evident in my letters, the policy showed signs of failure. Indeed, Nigeria became independent eleven years later.). Our aim is to educate these people to our own ideals and beliefs, but paradoxically the result is to make them less attractive as individuals and hostile as subjects of the same crown. Unfortunately this seems largely to apply even when the man has (thanks probably to a government scholarship) received the best we have to offer i.e. a course at Oxford or Cambridge. The majority of those that go to England for higher education return with a law degree. On their return to their native land they normally set about lining their pockets at the expense of their less enlightened countrymen, at the same time trying to do their best to obstruct the work of government. The majority of the remainder return as doctors. They are not, I fear, imbued with a desire to help their countrymen, but too often are instead fired with a greedy eagerness to profit by their ignorance, and to that end they tour the Bush indiscriminately giving injections of dubious value at 5 /- or 10 /- a shot. Nor I regret do some of the better educated mission products strike me any more favourably ... You would not credit the pitifully childish letter of vilification that we received the other day from a leading lawyer ... As for the gentlemen of the press, they are abysmal, without a vestige of professional integrity or any other desirable quality ... And such, my good parents, is what British rule is achieving at any rate in this part of the country. Love to all from Keith

Letter 35: The District Office, Ahoada, Dec 11th

My dear M and D, I returned to Ahoada last Wednesday having been away for a fortnight. I was pleased to get back to base and be amongst my things again. Great improvements had been carried out in my house during my absence and I returned to find the floors painted a pleasing shade of dull red and doors and windows a refreshing apple green. I have also had certain sticks of furniture painted the same shade of green. My two carpets go very well with the newly painted floor. In my bedroom I now have two white iron bedsteads - one for myself and one for any chance visitor. They are simple but sensible pieces of furniture - English-made, and they cost only 50/- each ... On my return I found my zinnias flowering in the bed along the front of my house and also quite a pleasing show of cannas in the three beds in the grass. I have two prisoners who regularly work in my garden and they seem to take quite an enjoyment out of doing so ... Within the last day or two there has been a staff change in my establishment. Christian had a chance of becoming an engine driver or something and has left me. I have not as yet engaged anyone in his place - Philip makes it very clear that he hopes I soon will! The headmaster I have had charged with assault15 was tried on Friday. I was the principal witness for the prosecution, and for one and a half hours had to face cross-examination by the defending African lawyer ... The accused was found guilty and fined £20 or nine months imprisonment ... It was Roberts the African magistrate with the English wife from Degema who tried him ... This week they have been staying in the house next to mine. On Friday I had a young timber trader in for dinner ... By the way the following notice appeared in the Gazette recently "His Excellency has been pleased to appoint K.V.A. esquire to be a magistrate grade 3". This as I've told you gives me greater. (See Letter 33 above) powers than I formerly had as a J.P. (As a "magistrate grade 3" I was now allowed to hear cases brought under English law, of which there were very few.) ... A fortnight today will be Christmas. In view of that I had better take this opportunity of wishing all at home a happy time. Have a bowl of wassail on me, and when you are tucking in to your Christmas fare remember K.V.A.'s example of moderation in all things From Keith.

Letter 36: The District Office, Ahoada. Saturday, Dec 17th.

My dear M and D, I am very sorry to hear about the disfigurement of your car - very bad luck. We shall see which of us can keep ours better, you with your Vanguard on English roads and I with my Minor in the Bush. I have driven more than 5000 miles in her - so far without mishap. This has been an extremely full week. On Tuesday I went on tour, and returned to Ahoada tonight. All together I must have motored about 400 miles and cycled 100. I have done some Court work, but my main occupation has been to hold Election Meetings - frequently in remote localities, only approachable by narrow bush paths cycling along which one is brushed by the undergrowth on either side. Every evening I have returned to my rest house after dark, and have then been faced with the need to attend to files and write up reports on my activities. Yesterday I began a meeting in a village as the sun was setting. Long before I finished, it was pitch-dark - no moon. I took the votes by the light of a hunter's lamp. The ride back through the forest was tricky as we only had one light between 5 of us! The said light had also to serve as a headlamp when at one place we took to a canoe for half a mile or so. At 10:30 pm, we motored into Aba, feeling pretty dead. At short notice I spent the night with Tim and a friend. I was very thankful of the sanctuary they had to offer ... This morning I motored into P.H., paid bills and did a little shopping. My friends the Sleys gave me lunch; and this afternoon I was present at the birthday party of their 6 year old daughter. Children came dressed up as fairies, and tea and games were in the garden. I should like to have spent the night in P.H., but my interpreter and orderly were anxious to return to Ahoada - and for their sakes I left soon after 7. We reached home at 9:15, only to find my house wrapped in darkness, and the boys in bed and asleep. They rallied round well, and I have just disposed of a good supper of fried eggs. Talking of eggs reminds me of something which I must tell you, which will make you very envious. On Tuesday evening I addressed a meeting of women in one village. When I had finished, some women almost literally overwhelmed me with eggs. On returning to the rest house I counted and found I had collected 182 - and a few buckets-full of oranges! I shared the 1 pot out with my boys, orderly, interpreter etc! You will be interested to hear that a public apology to K.V.A. was published by the local press today - an apology for the fallacious reports of my activities published a few weeks ago. Before using up all this paper, I wish to thank you again, 0, for your very generous present - and for the kind consideration which its choice betokens. I do indeed hope that your gift will last me all my days. I should like to tell you that former gifts of yours are being much used and appreciated and viz the brief case of last year and the writing case of 7 to 8 years ago - I have my binoculars with me, but unfortunately in the Bush I don't have much use for them. I hope your Christmas has been a great success. Love to all from Keith

Letter 37: Ahoada, January 1st

My dear M and D, A happy new year to you, and it is good to think that we shall be seeing each other again before the end of it. I have received no further letter from you since I last wrote, so have nothing to reply to. I have however received Pat's Christmas present, the thermometer - an exceedingly sensible present and one which is much appreciated. I gave a party for some of the staff on Dec 27th. At 6:30 twenty or more clerks, warders, police etc. came round to my house. I was glad of the assistance of Patrick Legge, who was staying with me, to amuse them. Pinned on the walls I had anagrams of well-known town names and advertisements cut out from a local paper. In the latter game, one has to name the firm advertising. This kept the blokes circulating and busy for % of an hour. Their scores were poor but better than I had expected. I kept them fairly well supplied with beer; and Boniface had prepared some nice small-eats which were scoffed in quick time. After disposing of the refreshments we played some sitting down games whispering a message from person to person and seeing how garbled it became, was well enjoyed ... Only one chap was tight; and he fortunately was amiably,so. I had some difficulty in restraining him from wanting constantly to be doing conjuring tricks. From time to time he would say that he would go outside, and that we were to choose some article while he was away, and then call him back. I watched him leave quite happily and never called him back - but he used always to return after a time. I noticed that when leaving the room, he left always in the direction where the beer was kept. Without feeling much like it, I left Ahoada on tour on the 28th. I did some Court work, and also inspected work on a new road. This said new road is stirring up a good deal of local controversy. A certain village considers the road should go through their village, Stanley and I do not. I had a meeting of an hour's duration in the disgruntled village. At the end of it angry village women barred my way and seized my bicycle. I left this in their hands rather than have a tussle. On leaving the village I went to Okwuzi, 9 miles away. When I got up the following morning the interpreter told me that he had heard that women were marching from Obuko, the village which wants the road, to Okwuzi. At about 9:30am., as I was sitting in Court a squad of about 80 women appeared on the scene. Patiently I repeated to them most of what I had said the day before. Discovering they were going to get no change out of me, the women grew very angry. However they straggled away without causing an unpleasant incident... Talking of incidents, I had my hands full this afternoon. 2 Police constables had been driven from a village by the brandishing of matchetes by the locals. I took 5 policemen this afternoon to the said village to make arrests. The men however resisted our efforts and it was 6 against 2-3 hundred. We had to retreat; but I tried to make this as unignominious as possible ... We are likely to return again tomorrow in rather greater strength. Yesterday afternoon I motored down to Degema, parking my car at the end of the road and completing the journey by launch. I stayed the night with the African doctor, who lives in the house next to the one I occupied for a couple of months. The whole station were guests of the Doctor's yesterday evening. There being altogether upwards of twenty guests, the party took place in the club, specially decorated for the festive season. At the party I was glad to meet Neil Kay, Christopher Ollard and another friend John Adams - 4 administrative officers there together was quite a number. It equalled the total number of ladies. On Thursday next I go into hospital for my hernia operation. It is strange, when one is absolutely fit, to know that within a few days one is going to be cut open on the table. I hope I am given a general anaesthetic, and not a local one by means of an injection in the spine. Still, it is not a matter I'm losing any sleep over. This time 2 weeks hence I should be up and about again. Happy New Year and love from Keith.

Letter 38: As from: The District Office, Ahoada. Sunday Jan 8th

My dear M and D, This week you won't have much of a letter I fear. I am in hospital in P.H., having been operated on a couple of days ago. I am on the up and up; but as yet do not feel much like writing letters ... At the beginning of the week I accompanied police to a village where a few days before a villager had resisted arrest with the support of fellow villagers, and then on Thursday I was lying in bed feeling fit as a fiddle. The whole set-up seemed unreal until the trolley called for me on Friday morning. Truth to tell, it continued to seem unreal even after that. I lay down on the table, and the surgeon said he was going to give me an injection which would send me to sleep. It did nothing of the sort; its effect was to make me feel as tight as a lord. Then came the spinal injection, which I had not wished to have. I felt paralysis creeping over me from my waist down. The surgeon then began to cut me open and perform his ritua" having first thrown a piece of lint over my eyes. He used my chest as a repository for his various weapons. In my drunken state I grew quite skittish with the two sisters who were holding my hands, and even flippant with the doctor. We talked about Wimbledon amongst other things and at one point I took the two sisters to task for talking together about spinach for the patient's lunch. I told them that there was a time and a place for everything, and that I did not think that the present circumstances quite justified discussion about spinach. It was all over pretty quickly, and I was deposited back onto my bed. I then had time to study my paralysed condition. Placing a hand on the blanket, my legs felt like solid lumps of rock. Placing my hand inside the bed-clothes, it felt just as though I were touching legs belonging to someone else. Pressing with my fingers I saw the flesh give - which was quite a surprise, for I felt absolutely solid from the hips down. I touched my navel and that was normal. I touched an inch below, and it was dead ... The paralysis wore off after a couple of hours, and I was able to move my limbs again. But the after-effects are still with me, and they tend to make life somewhat uncomfortable. I had told the surgeon I did not want a spinal injection. It has been a new experience ... The business being over I am on normal food; and hope to be moving around in a day of two. Much love from Keith.

Letter 39: As from: The District Office, Ahoada. Sunday January 15th.

My dear M and D, I am a much happier man this Sunday than I was a week ago. My 6 clips have been removed. I am no longer confined to bed, and am in fact encouraged to walk around. I am to be discharged on Tuesday or Wednesday. Naturally I am exceedingly thankful that this final tinkering with my stomach has not led to any recrudescence of my former trouble ... Unlike Stanley, my D.O., and certain other exceptional people, I can be very happy just being idle; and I have thoroughly enjoyed this past week. I have not had to look at a single file; I have not had to listen to wearisome complaints; and I have had to give no thought to inept road labourers, inefficient clerks, cantankerous ex servicemen, escaped prisoners, and the 101 other matters that constantly claim the attentions of an A.D.O. Instead I have sat by the hour in my dressing gown in a comfortable armchair with an electric fan playing in front of me; and my reading and writing has only been disturbed by the frequent service of good meals and an occasional nap. I've written many letters and a little in my journal. I've also thoroughly enjoyed the opportunity of doing some reading. During the first couple of days, while I was feeling low, I read again that exquisite book by Evelyn Waugh: "Decline and FaiL" Then I dealt with more serious matter: 'Four Portraits' by Peter Quennell. I am now engaged on 'South Riding' by Winifred Holtby, which I am enjoying. Other reading has included magazines (2 Digests, previously received from you,D, being very welcome) an anthology, a translation of the Theban plays by Sophocles, and a little of the New Testament. In the normal course of my duties I have found that I don't have much time for reading; and it is one of my fears that by leading this life I shall become lamentably uninformed, and deteriorate into an utter barbarian. During the past weeks I have enjoyed an agreeable number of visits. Yesterday as many as four people came in to see me, including my friend Margaret Belcher armed with a mass of fine magazines ... Chubb, the Resident, came to see me one evening. His visit did not however raise my spirits. He is positively busting to have me out of dock, as he is very short of officers. To my sorrow he told me that on my discharge I should have to work in P.H. for 2 or 3 months. I am not keen about this, having got into my stride in Ahoada, nor is Stanley keen; and it's up to the latter to try to save me from the fate awaiting me. In all events the local leave granted to me has gone by the board for the time being; and I shall not even be getting any convalescent leave on quitting hospital... I brought Boniface into P.H. with me, and he visits me at 8:30 every morning. He has been very useful holding a mirror for me when I shave, posting letters and running errands. I asked him whether he was enjoying his holiday in P.H. He did not reply so I asked him again. "My heart is in two places" he said. "And what do you mean by that?" I asked. "I like being in Port Harcourt, but then I remember Master lying in hospital," and he did not quite know where to look ... In Boniface I have a good supporter. I hope all goes well on the Home Front. Love to all from Keith.

Letter 40: c/o The Resident's Office, Port Harcourt. Jan 22nd

My dear M and D, I am now out of hospital and find it hard to believe that a fortnight ago I was on the operating table. I was discharged on Wednesday. I returned to Ahoada, where I gave Philip immediate instructions to dismantle and pack up everything. I did not enjoy seeing my house stripped of all its belongings. By six in the evening everything was packed up, and a long crocodile of prisoners bore all my effects away on their heads to a lorry waiting on the far side of the river. There they were guarded during the night by a Court Messenger armed with a long primitive gun looking something like a blunderbuss. The African Magistrate with the English wife were staying in Ahoada and invited me to sup with them, which spared me the necessity of passing the evening in my own bare and denuded house. On Thursday my loads, Philip and Boniface, their loads, the former's wife and two small children and I moved to Isoba - a village 14 miles out of P.H., which I have mentioned to you before. And here at Isoba we are still all dumped. On Friday and Saturday I went into P.H. and did a little work there but my immediate future fate is still not definitely fixed. If a D.O. for P.H. can be made available from somewhere outside the Province, I shall be merely a dogsbody helping in P.H., in which case I might continue to live here and motor in to town every day. If however, and as seems probable, no outside D.O. is forthcoming to work in P.H., then if you will believe me K.V.A. will have temporarily to assume the responsible position of District Officer, Port Harcourt, in which case I shall have to live in P.H ... I cannot say that I find the prospect of either alternative attractive; and I would much prefer to finish my tour working with Stanley in Ahoada Division ... Yesterday was the day on which the local leave granted to me was due to begin. I shall endeavour to see that I don't lose it entirely, for I long for a change of scene to this dreary part of the country. This spot, Isoba, where I am at the moment, is about the best there is in the neighbourhood. I am typing this on the verandah of the large rest house situated on the edge of the north bank of the New Calabar river. The river is about 150 yards wide, and the far bank is covered with very thick bush. Around the rest-house is a pleasant compound of 4 or 5 acres. The grass is kept cut short; one or two trees have been left standing, and a drive curls down between them from the road outside. I look out on a peaceful scene. Birds dart hither and thither across the grass; and from time to time a canoe passes idly by on the still waters of the river. .. In time I hope to learn something about the flora and fauna of this country for I have joined the Nigerian Field Society. I attended the first meeting of the newly formed P.H. branch yesterday evening. There I saw something new in the shape of an electric catfish, a small creature about the size of a goldfish. I put my hand into the bowl of water and received a very noticeable shock ... While life out here goes on just the same, it is odd to think of the mounting excitement at home. The news of the General Election next month does not directly affect us here at all; and I await the outcome of events in a detached frame of mind. Were I at home I should find it difficult to decide which way to vote. My persuasions are liberal. Were there not a liberal candidate to vote for, I think I should have to vote Conservative. This I think is necessary in order to fight the insidious and crippling enemy of unilateral State-Control. What greatness our Nation has ever achieved has been due to the courage, the enterprise and the self-sacrifice of individuals; and it seems to me that the Socialists whether intentionally or not are cramping individuality which is concrete, for the sake of the Community which is something entirely impersonal. The spirit of initiative I fear is being lost; and as a Nation, from being as we were until recently imbued with vigour and drive and wielding the greatest influence (and I would add - for good) in the world, we are rapidly developing the qualities of a pack of poor relations dependant on the bounty of the State, and able to act only with its prior approval. I hope all goes well at home. Love to all from Keith.

letter 41: The District Office, Port Harcourt. Saturday, 4th Feb 1950.

My dear M and D, As I knew would be the case, my new pOSition as acting District Officer, Port Harcourt, has already brought a fair quota of new experiences. like father like son -I too have occasion to marry people; and this morning I married my first couple. Obonna, the bridegroom, looked very smart in a white palm beach suit. Gertrude Aprekema, the bride, wore a pink dress. Various witnesses, all smartly clad in English dress, were also present. The affair took place in my office, and was over within five minutes. I read the prescribed words as laid down in the Marriage Ordinance and the bride and bridegroom had a few responses to make. The relevant section in the Ordinance ends with a rather stark admonition to both parties against committing adultery, which reminder at the actual moment of marriage I find rather jarring. Although not included in the form of marriage set down in the ordinance I offered a brief prayer at the close of the proceedings. I can appreciate now that marriage in a Registry Office is an uninspiring business ... On Wednesday we had 2 by-elections in P.H. The onus of making all arrangements was on the Town Clerk, but as President of the Town Council I endeavoured to take an intelligent interest. I visited the polling booth; and was present when the votes were counted. Except for a few articles in the local press the elections did not arouse much interest ... On Friday I had to preside at my first Town Council meeting. The meeting was an extraordinary one, called to discuss the very controversial subject of tax assessments of persons having an income of more than £500. The assessments prepared by the Township Tax Staff this year are revolutionary. Where before a man paid £16 he has now been assessed to pay £900 odd. Though not all cases are quite so phenomenal, all are staggering. Only the African population is affected for ex-patriates are taxed under a different system. Some of the councillors themselves are directly affected by the increased assessments. I knew that it would prove to be a gruelling meeting. Unfortunately I had no support from my own kind, for the three European Councillors were all absent as were also the two most co-operative of the African ones. The African Town Clerk was of no great assistance. Try as I did to stall the issue, the chief obstructionist on the council got a motion carried rejecting the assessments. No doubt satisfied with the result of his offensive action he decided to leave the meeting. He could not have done me a greater favour! We passed to the task of approving draft bye-laws governing the payment of vehicle licenses within the township. The meeting lasted from 10 am. to 2:15 pm ... This morning I presided for a couple of hours as chairman of the P.H. Planning Authority ... Another claim on my time during the week was made by 2 senior officials of the Colonial Development Corporation, who spent a couple of nights in P.H. The Col. Dev. Corp. is running the groundnuts scheme in E. Africa.* (*On second thoughts I think I've made a mistake. It is the overseas food corporation who is handling the groundnuts.) In P.H. their plans are less ambitious, but nevertheless I question their practicability. The Corporation intends to go trawling in the sea and refrigerate the fish they catch. We discussed ways and means together of how they should operate and where they could erect their cold store plant. Inevitably I am beginning to get involved in the social life of P.H. Yesterday I was invited to dine by both the Judge and the Superintendent of Police -I did so with the latter. Tonight I dine with Westmacott, the acting Resident while Chubb is on leave. I received an invitation for next Monday, but am myself having some persons to dinner. On Tuesday evening I played chess at C.M.S. House; and on Thursday bridge at the club. My short stay in Hospital has now almost sunk out of memory, and I find it hard to believe that only a few weeks ago I underwent an operation. I hope all is well at home. Love to all from Keith.

Letter 42: The District Office, Port Harcourt. Sunday Feb 12th.

My dear M and D, Before going any further I must enquire whether you have ever received the first complete notebook of the journal that I have been keeping out here? I entrusted it to a friend who was returning to England by air and who should have arrived at home and posted it to you a month ago by now ... I shall be most distressed if any accident has happened to it. Please let me know without fail in your next letter whether or not you have received it. You enquire whether my boys like living in P.H. I think they do. The status of servants is socially proportionate to that of their masters, so as I am now D.O. they have risen in that scale - but like their Master they get no increased salary. You ask whether I shall now employ any more boys. The answer is emphatically no. In fact in the interests of economy my establishment is reduced now to just Philip and Boniface. This week I have been quite sociable. I had some people to dinner on Monday; on Friday I had the African Magistrate from Degema and his European wife to dine and also a recently arrived couple called Coatsmith. Then last night I had Timothy to stay, which was very pleasant... From the work point of view it has been a full week. At 9:15 a.m. on Wednesday I took my seat as Chairman of the Finance Committee. For 2 hours we sat in Committee, and then we changed over straightaway to hearing tax appeals. One by one we listened to persons who had a grumble about the amount of tax they had been assessed to pay. We continued without a break until after 3 pm; and I did not get home for lunch until half past three! By degrees I think I am getting the hang of my job, and so far things have I think gone fairly well. So far there is no news of anyone coming to relieve me in P.H ... Amongst my other duties I am in charge of the small broadcasting station in P.H. This largely relays the general overseas programme of the BBC in London; but in the evenings local talent is given a chance. On Friday evening the Advisory Committee met in its very small studio and we held auditions of would-be broadcasters - women Singing weird native songs; young m.en chanting to the accompaniment of shrill wooden clappers, and other young men singing sentimental American songs accompanied by an out-of-tume guitar. I allowed myself to be guided largely by the committee members. Some items we passed as suitable; for others we decided more practice was required ... The Committee is pretty moribund at the moment, and I'm hoping in due course to imbue it with more life. At this time of year I, out here on the coast, have the laugh on you poor people at home. This is about the best time of year - fine days, relatively cool nights (down to about 70 degrees) and quite often a pleasant breeze. The Harmattan wind blows during February. This is a wind blowing from the Sahara to the coast. It carries particles of sand from the desert with it, so that even here in the very south days look hazy and floors are covered with layers of fine dust... I have not the inclination to do anything to my garden here, not knowing how long I am to remain. Fortunately it was left by the last occupant in quite a good state. It contains some flowering trees - notably 'frangi-pani'. There are also some flowers in the beds; marigolds, bachelors-buttons and others. There is even a rambler rose against the wall. At this season of the year sleek white egrets stalk sedately about the grass - one would almost think they were tame ... I made a small addition to my household effects yesterday in the shape of a small pottery jug made at Dartmouth. I needed a small milk jug, and the place of origin of this one decided me in buying it ... Best wishes and love to all at home - From Keith.

Letter 43: The District Office, Port Harcourt. Saturday March 4th.

My dear M and D, This week I have to thank you both for letters - yours of the 24th reached me on the 27th, D. I was interested to learn about the BBC's proposal. I should feel very proud were you to give a mental-telepathy broadcast. How are Peter and Pat doing at Cambridge? Caius days seem very remote just now. I envy them their opportunity of furthering their education. A colonial life, I fear, does not make for culture. So much of my day is taken up in performing my official duties that when the time does arrive to relax in the evening I am mentally too fatigued to be able to give my mind to anything requiring more than the least attention. Then too one must normally be off pretty early to bed in order to be able to cope with the tasks of the coming day. It is aliI can do to read my various magazines - it takes me ages to get through a book ... Undoubtedly living in this part of the world does impose a strain on one, and now after 13 months I am finding out for myself that I cannot do the same in this country as I did in England. When I was transferred to P.H. on leaving hospital, I foresaw that I had a busy spell coming and such has and is proving to be the case. I have a number of ticklish and responsible matters to deal with - not least of which is this tax , which I have already mentioned to you. One has to tread warily in this place, where there is a good deal of latent anti-white and anti-govt feeling. I don't wish to launch a fresh bout of Port Harcourt rioting! Undoubtedly being D.O. for a short time in Port Harcourt is a big opportunity for me. It is a good deal to expect a young chap like myself on his first tour to do and I only hope I succeed in putting up a good show ... The past week has not been a very eventful one. On Monday was held the monthly meeting of the Town Council. We were in session from 10 am. to 2 pm. We failed to get through the agenda, and sat for the same time again the following day. Including myself the Council numbers is, three of whom in addition to myself are Englishmen. I was rather pleased at the end of the meeting when the town Clerk told me that he thought that this had been the best and pleasantest of the Town Co meetings that he had attended. If that be true, the President can I think take some credit! One of my duties which I have not mentioned before, is to be in charge of the P.H. Government Catering rest house. I have dug up a committee which appears to have been defunct since 1948 or before. Last Thursday the four of us - the Lady-Supervisor, Mrs Paris Jones, wife of the United Africa Company magnate, the Provincial Engineer, and self met together in solemn conclave to discuss rest house matters, and more practically the question of the sale of beer, which is at present being sold illegally. As the said beer is being sold by the Lady Supervisor for her own profit, it behoved me to tread softly! This evening I have been broadcasted on our local radio-relay service. That sounds rather impressive. Actually all I did was to read the Governor's opening speech at the Legislative Council meeting now in session. I had four persons plus a small girl and a smaller boy to lunch today. This evening I am having just one kindred spirit and after eating we shall go to the flicks. I invited the Resident and Mrs as well, but they were already booked. Love to all from Keith.

Letter 44: As from the district office, Ahoada, Rivers Province. Saturday April 1st.

My dear M and D, It is Saturday morning, April 1st and I am seated now for the last time in the garden at my friend's house in Buea, looking towards the great mountain mass, and I am naturally sorry at the prospect of leaving this delightful part of the world. In a couple of hours' time I shall be flying back to P.H., back to a land of muddy rivers and mile after mile of hot steaming bush. When I think of the date I find myself echoing Rupert Brooke's sentiments ([Oh to be in England now that April is here ... " It is 3 months now since I packed my bags and left Ahoada. I went first to hospital, you remember, then took office in P.H., and then came here on leave. After this break it is not going to be altogether pleasant reverting to bush again, and enjoying little company but my own once more. This will be the fifth time I have moved house during the 14 months I have been out here and repeated transplantations become a little unsettling ... Fortunately I have reached a stage in my tour where the prospect of leave is no longer a remote one. I have only four months ahead of me; and 4 months will, I know, pass quickly by ... don't imagine that I am so enamoured of my life and work out here that I don't wholeheartedly look forward to returning to England as soon as I can ... I imagine I shall spend all the next 4 months as A.D.O. Ahoada. I shall naturally fulfil my duties to the best of my abilities, but the time is too short to allow me to launch anything very new ... I shall be in P.H. soon after 4 this afternoon. All being well I aim to spend tonight in Aba, having a final fling there this evening. Tomorrow I shall motor to Ahoada. It is as well for me to be writing this letter to you now while I have some leisure, for no doubt tomorrow I shall be busy setting up my household once again ... During this past week I have done nothing very startling. On Sunday evening I dined with missionaries at the American Baptist Mission located here. I have also met a very pleasant Mr Rafflant of the Basle Mission in Buea on two occasions. I have been down to Victoria, spending the night there on Thursday. It is a delightful place, and the coastline is quite the most attractive I have seen in West Africa. I have spent some hours lazing by the sea. I have strolled through the Botanical Gardens and I have revelled in the joys of a beautiful open-air swimming pool (the first place I've bathed in out here!) I had the entree to the latter thanks to a friendship made fairly rapidly with an English lady - a secretary working for the Cameroons Development Corporation, whose H.Q. is in Victoria. She added an additional piquant interest to my leave -the first unattached woman with whom I have had any pleasurable association since leaving England! On arriving at P.H. I hope I shall find some mail awaiting me, and shall be able to get abreast of your latest news. My love to you all from Keith.

Letter 45: The District Office, Ahoada, Rivers Province. 22nd April 1950.

My dear M and D, I don't seem to remember having heard from you this week so I have nothing to reply to - in pOint of fact I can't remember having had a letter from anyone this week. As I type this bulletin to you now, I am in a position that I know you would envy, D. I am seated in an armchair in my garden with nothing on but a pair of sandals and a cap. A not too fierce sun shines warmly down on me; a gentle breeze plays around my exposed members; overhead banks of cloud drift leisurely on their way; there is the distant sound of birds, and the nearer sound of 'a fly buzzing ... and it is Saturday afternoon and work is over for the week. It is just the sort of afternoon to spend restfully in a deck chair with a magazine and a bag of cherries; but very dutifully I am taking this quiet interlude in a busy week to write you this my weekly letter. During this week I have spent three days out of Ahoada, but I have spent all my nights in the Station. I have spent two days doing reviews, as a result of which our prison strength has swollen somewhat (These reviews were of Native Court judgements. As a Justice of the Peace I had the power to impose a custodial sentence of up to 6 months.) This is all to the good for we can do with some additional labour. .. Yesterday morning I supervised while two prisoners had flogging sentences carried out in the prison. They were made to lie on their stomachs on bed-boards in the yard, having their hands and ankles held by willing comrades. They were naked except for a small piece of cloth across the buttocks. Two warders gave them their 12 strokes each ... It did not strike me as too bad - I can remember frequently undergoing similar punishment myself. Here are two quotations from the judgement books that tickled me: "l was looking for the goat, when I felt the smell of a goat being put on fire ... " The second is perhaps not suitable for my Mother to hear, so I leave the reading of it to your discretion, D: "I was about to introduce my penis into my wife's uterus, then all of a sudden she bit me on the cheek, and I drew backwards and while querying her why she should bit me, the accused got up and landed this piece of stick on my forehead.' Complainant exhibits a hefty log of wood." The case revealed merely a rather squalid domestic wrangle, the woman's attitude being accounted for by her grievance at her husband not having paid her a sleeping fee of 13/-, which is occasionally the practice. Stanley the D.O., has -I think I've already told you - been away playing cricket for Nigeria in the Gold Coast. He and Vera returned to Ahoada last Thursday. Needless to say I am most glad to see them back. Without Stan here I found there was mountains of work always to be done. Besides that however I am fond of them both, and am glad to enjoy their company ... We have had the tennis-court here repaired, and yesterday evening we had an enjoyable game together. I have now got well back into the swing of life in this Division, and am really quite well pleased to be back here again, and I have been finding the prospect of remaining three months of my tour being passed in Ahoada an attractive proposition... Can you believe it however this morning a telegram arrived from the Resident saying that I am to leave and return to P.H., this time to be Town Clerk! I have only three months more to go before I am due to return home, and I have already had 5 full-scale moves in the course of this tour. Naturally I take the dimmest view imaginable of this latest idea of the Resident's. I have no wish to live in P.H., and even less to have the thankless job of being Town Clerk there. Stanley is going to put up what opposition that he can to my leaving, but I am doubtful as to what success he will have ... The only thing to be said about all this is that I must have been thought to have done reasonably well during my brief time as D.O. and President of the Council, else I would hardly have been called upon for this ruddy job ... So, next week may see me once again writing to your from P.H. Yesterday I submitted an official application for Home Leave to the Resident. I have asked him to arrange an air passage to the U.K. as near July 29th (which is the date I am due for leave) as he can, as I am anxious to get as much of the summer at home as I can ... I missed hearing the details about the new budget on my radio. How does it affect family finances? Love to all from Keith.

Letter 46: The District Office, Ahoada, Rivers Province. 30th April.

My dear M and D, In my letter to you last week I mentioned that it was possible that I might be required to return to P.H. in order to become Town Clerk. Sure enough on Monday a telegram arrived from the Resident saying that it was imperative that Arrowsmith moves to P.H. immediately for this purpose. I was very put out at getting this order, for with only three months more to do I have not the least desire to get to grips with a new job, and furthermore the post of Town Clerk is one of the least enviable in the whole of the country. However there was nothing for it, and I instructed my boys to go ahead with packing. By Tuesday afternoon my house was once again in an entirely denuded state, and the floor was littered with boxes and packages. Everything was ready for a start at crack of dawn on Wednesday. The Kings (Stanley (D.O.) and Vera) had said they would give me dinner and breakfast, so Boniface was able to pack all culinary items ... During the course of the day various persons approached me to say they were sorry that I was leaving them. At the end of the morning I took my leave of the office, and in the afternoon paid a final visit to the Prison and took a few snapshots of the Station. At 5:30 I went round to the D.O.'s house, where I was met by Stan. He produced a telegram from his pocket. To my greatest surprise I read on it "Arrowsmith should remain at Ahoada - Resident." I hardly had the nerve to break the news to my boys. Philip still goes around looking rather gloomy, no doubt thinking of all the unnecessary time and trouble wasted on packing up house and home. At any rate I left Ahoada on Wednesday morning, going on tour to about the furthest corner of the Division, from where it will be difficult to get me to move to P.H. at a moment's notice should the Resident again see fit to change his mind. From Wednesday till Saturday this week I stayed in a small mud hut in a school compound, our former rest house having been knocked down and the new one not having yet been built. It was a very diminutive mud hut with primitive cooking and sanitary facilities. The place abounded with flies and the days were very hot. These factors contributed between them to giving me a severe attack of what in the local parlance is called "squitters" or "tummy-palaver". On Friday night I had to rise at about half-hourly intervals to answer the call, and with a lamp beside me I might have been seen squatting forlornly on my haunches naked except for a pair of mosquitoboots beneath a thundery sky. It was with relief that I left the said mud hut on Saturday morning. Lunch time saw me in Owerri, installed in the house of the A.D.O. there who is a friend of mine. During the afternoon I slept; later felt fit enough for a bathe, and on getting up this morning I felt back on form again. Tomorrow morning I shall be leaving early in order to continue with my tour programme, which keeps me .away from Ahoada till next Sunday. Love from Keith.

Letter 47: The District Office, Ahoada. 7th May 1950.

My dear M and D, Thank you, M, for your letter of April 30th, which I found waiting for me on my return to Ahoada today, and very welcome it was too. I expect you are quite thankful that the C.M.S. Exhibition is now a thing of the past, for no doubt the preparations for it claimed a lot of your time and attentions. Talking of C.M.S., yesterday I was able to be of some use to the Society. In the morning I visited the C.M.S. Girl's School at Elelenwa as arranged. The Headmistress in charge, a Miss Clarke, wanted assistance in the preparation of a form of agreement between the School and certain Chiefs in respect of land on the opposite side of the road facing the School. In return for the annual payment of £12 the Chiefs, who were the owners of the said land , agreed to refrain from any building on the land and to use it solely for farming purposes. Accompanied by the 3 'Chiefs', Miss Clarke and her assistant Miss Backhouse I walked round the area in question in order to clearly see and agree on the limits. Having done this we all repaired to the School, where in my best magisterial manner (having had no previous experience) I drafted a suitable agreement document. This in due course was typed out in quadruplicate by Miss Clarke. I then made the parties swear to abide by its contents, and they having signed it, I put my signature to it as Magistrate ... I have been on tour during the whole of this past week, only getting back to Ahoada at lunch time today. Since t wrote last week I have stayed in 3 different rest houses, alii am glad to say very much better buildings than that mud hut t referred to in my last letter. Principally I have been hearing reviews. I have however also inspected various roads, sited one well, visited marketsites, inspected demolished buildings, and addressed various meetings. After finishing my duties yesterday I motored to Aba. I was anxious to do this because I had recently received a letter from Tim saying that he was going on leave early and expected to be leaving the country before Whitsun. I arrived unexpectedly but Tim rose to the occasion very well and put me up for the night. Yesterday evening we saw an excellent film called "The Way Ahead", which put me in mind of my army days because it was all about life in the army, tracing the career of a group of men from the day they joined up to the day they went into action ... Poor Tim needs his leave. He has had to work very hard throughout this tour. Unlike me he has remained stationed in the one place the whole time. He will be returning to Nigeria in September. I suggested to him the possibility of us going together to Lee Abbey, of which he had already heard - we may be able to arrange it. One's leave should be used for spiritual as well as physical and mental refreshment. As I am seated here in my pavilion house typing this letter to you I see and hear the rain coming down in torrents outside. I feel rather snug knowing that nothing need take me out till tomorrow morning ... I shall be most sorry if I have to leave this abode of mine. I say this because there is still talk of my having to go to P.H. to be Town Clerk. I can do nothing but wait and see - but it is unsettling being kept in doubt as to one's future. At home all I hope goes well. Please thank my Grandmother for her letter, and tell her that she should not have bothered to write ... Love to all from Keith.

letter 48: The District Office, Ahoada, Sunday May 14th.

My dear M and D, What is the effect of this new clever mental illusion of yours, D? Anything further transpired with regard to your BBC performance? I believe that you had snow in England at the tail-end of April; but now you are enjoying more seasonable weather. On my wireless I heard the other day that the temperature in London had been 71 degrees that afternoon. I like to think of the summer arriving at home for this year it has more meaning for me in view of the fact that I hope to enjoy some of it myself. At Cambridge Undergraduates will be sprawling along the banks of the Cam putting in overtime reading and revision, while others more insouciant will be gently polling youthful beauties reclining at ease in cushioned punts ... Ah me, happy days. I am glad that Peter and Pat will still be at Cambridge next year for it will give much more pOint to a visit there, and I shall enjoy seeing the place again ... Looking back a stage further I picture Marlborough boys playing cricket in the nets, roaming in the Forest and having an evening dip in the swimming bath before going to bed. It was 13 years ago this summer that you two and I motored to Marlborough in order that I should sit for the Foundation Scholarship exam. I can still remember it so clearly, and the enormous thrill I felt to think that that was the prelude to my present life in Africa. From Marlborough study, Cambridge rooms, Army quarters I have graduated to the quaint bush-house that I at present occupy. The European population of Ahoada has increased of late. Now living in the Station in addition to Stanley, Vera and myself there is also an engineer building a bridge here and another one, a Pole, who is sinking a number of wells in the Division. Patrick Legge, a man about my age working for a timber company, has also now built himself a house next to mine. When Stan and I are in the station at the same time we get good enjoyment and exercise playing tennis with each other. We play a pretty good game, so much so that the others say that we are too good for them to play with. As I have said before I get on very well with Stan, my 0.0., and his wife. There is no nonsense about them, no standing on dignity or any of that sort of thing. I admire Vera greatly. She is a woman who until she came out to this country nearly 5 years ago had spent her whole life in London working in offices, eating snacks at Corner-Houses, and catching buses. Nonetheless she appears to take this entirely different life in her stride accepting whatever comes amazingly philosophically. She and Stan were on tour during this week. At one place where they stayed 200 angry women beating drums and armed with sticks marched on the rest house, but this aroused no apprehension in Vera _ in fact I think she was more perturbed when a rat scampered across the floor of the small mud lavatory when she was paying a visit there in the middle of the night! I had them both to dinner yesterday evening. We had quite a cosy time. It was a cool evening following a storm in the afternoon. My shaded lamp gave a warm and discreet light and on my radio I was able to get successive programmes of light dance music. I have remained in Ahoada during the past week. I spent one day hearing reviews in our local Court. I spent one hot afternoon trailing around the Bush in an endeavour to get to the bottom of a land dispute between two villages. Both sides vehemently denied the other's claims. Both showed me what to my uninitiated gaze looked like entirely arbitrary and unmarked boundaries in support of their respective contentions. Hot and tired I returned home to think the matter over and to write my judgement, which I pronounced the following morning - to the delight of one side and the dismay of the other. .. And so we go on, trusting that our efforts are not entirely misspent and hoping that we may leave the place a little better for our having sojourned here a while ... My future still remains uncertain. Town Clerk Port Harcourt is still on the cards. Greetings and love to all at home from Keith.

Letter 49: The District Office, Ahoada. 20th May 1950. Saturday.

Dear M and D, My main news is that yesterday I received word that an air passage has been reserved for me on a plane leaving Lagos on July 29th. It is most satisfying to know that my return home is now fixed up - it makes it possible to begin making some plans. Another unsensational week has come and gone. I have heard reviews in two Courts. I have selected one or two well sites. I have been around the prison. I have done quite a lot of office-work - particularly on days when Stan has gone out of the station, for then rather than let everything pile up, all the files are passed to me. I like this sort of joint cooperation, although it means that J attend sometimes to things that do not really come within my province. The other day I received an unexpected letter from a teacher in a Mission school in one of the villages in this Division. It began as follows: "My very dear Mr. Arrowsmith, I have the pleasure to write you this letter just to break the dull monotony of silence consequent which lies between us as a big gulf." It ended with this effusion: "Good morning, good afternoon, good evening I am Sir your friend (teacher and photographer) Joseph O. Eli." ... Schoolboys always wear a uniform of sorts when they go to school. It amused me the other day to pass one returning home at the end of work. He was stark naked, and carried his clothes done up in a bundle in a banana leaf. He clearly considered them for wear during school hours only ... Having finished hearing reviews in Court one day last week, as is customary I gave anyone who so wished, the opportunity of coming and speaking to me. Amongst those who came up to my table were two boys aged about 11 and 7 respectively, I should say. Their complaint was a rather novel one. They said that they did not wish their mother to divorce their father as she intended doing. They said that they were afraid that if their mother left their father his other wives would not look after them as well, and they might not be able still to go to school. The Mother and father were not present so I gave instructions that they were to come and see me at Ahoada on the morrow. The following day mother, father and two boys duly appeared. Mother declared father had beaten her once too often, and she was sticking no more of him; I asked the two boys who they would prefer to stay with if they had to choose between the two. They complained bitterly that they wanted to stay with both ~f t~em. Finally I got them to say they would prefer to stay with the father, thinking probably that he would be better able to look after them. I attempted to effect a reconciliation between mother and father, but-in vain. I can't say I blame the woman whom I suspect had been badly treated over a long period. All I could do was allow the divorce proceedings to go forward, and Inform the Court Clerk that when the Native Court had heard the case. I would review it. I will then be able to give any instructions I may think fIt concerning the maintenance of the children. This weekend I have my friend Geoff staying with me. It .is very pleasant having him here. It is some months since I saw him last ... Tim is now on hIs way home by air... Love to all from Keith.

Letter 50: The District Office, Ahoada. Sunday 2.7.50

My dear M and D, I was most interested to hear about your continental trip. You certainly made an extensive tour and saw plenty. It is odd to think that already Berchtesgaden and the room where Hitler slept etc are becoming historical show-places. I am not surprised that you were struck by the poor conditions in Germany - what they must have been like during the first winter after the end of the war I hesitate to think ... Thank you for saying I may drive your car. Unfortunately as I may not take her away from Torquay, this concession will not be of much use to me; and if the readjustment of your insurance policy costs more than a pound or two, I don't think it would be worth my while to do anything about it. I quite understand that you constantly have the car in use, and could not easily spare her for me to go far afield in ... I looked at the advertisements in a "Motor" magazine the other day, and was staggered at the prices being asked for second hand cars - for example, £625 for a 1948 8-horsepower Morris! Secondhand prices seem even more exorbitant than they were. I shall clearly have to abandon the notion of buying one! My little car is doing very well. She is standing up to tropical conditions splendidly and despite 14 months of baking suns, torrential downpours, high humidity and ruinous roads, she still looks very new and shows little evidence of wear and tear. This morning I spent some little time beneath her and around her, giving her her regular greasing - out here one has most of the time to be one's own garage hand ... I am now back in Ahoada again. I fear you must find it well-nigh impossible to keep abreast of my repeated comings and goings! I am back in my quaint old house, but now I am only camping in her. All my belongings except for necessaries are packed and will remain so. Tomorrow I go away on tour until Saturday. On my return there will be another officer in occupation of this house, and I shall double up with the engineer. I expect to leave Ahoada about the 24th, and all being well land in England 4 weeks today. Please don't send anything more by sea-mail to me now and forward no mail at all after the 14th of this month ... There has been little in the past week's activities worth reporting to you. One day I did Court work. Another, I cycled the best part of 20 miles on a road inspection. In the evenings I have been playing tennis with Stan. The other evening on my radio I heard Truman speak. He made relatively little reference to Korea, which was disappointing. I wonder whether that will be the spark that sets the magazine off - what odds I shall be back in khaki within the next few months? Greetings and love to all from Keith.

Letter 51: The District Office, Ahoada 8 July 1950, Saturday

My Dear M & D I was glad to receive your letter, D, for I was glad to be put fully in the picture of demands that are made on your car. As I said in my last letter I quite understand you not being able to spare the Vanguard for trips outside of Torquay - it was silly of me ever to have considered the possibility. Let us consider my suggestion as never having been made... I am pleasantly surprised by the prices of second hand cars that you quoted in your letter ... From last Monday until to-day I have been away touring around the Eastern half of this division. It is probably the last tour I shall indulge in before going on leave. From now on I don't suppose I shall do more than day-trips. Now that I definitely know the answer, I might as well tell you that I recently asked permission to return home 10 days early in order to be present at Dudley's wedding. The (damn) Resident won't allow this. After the way I have been constantly been pushed around during the past 18 months, I think this one request of mine might have been granted ... Monday to Wednesday this week I stayed in a rest house near P.H. This enabled me one evening to see a good film in P.H. "Poet's Pub". As a little treat I took Boniface, my cook, to see it. Understandably enough it meant nothing to him, as I discovered when I questioned him about it on our way home. I offered to take a C.M.S. missionary along with me, but a tummy upset prevented him coming. I met this chap when I went to pay my respects to the two ladies at the C.M.S. Girls' school situated near the rest house in which I was staying. On reaching the school I met this chap flying a model aeroplane in the compound. I discovered that he is an ex-naval padre, and he seemed quite a pleasant bloke. At present he is helping out on the staff at the girls' school, stuck there alone with the two English women teachers. By George, I pity him. They were kind enough to invite me to an evening meal. I tried to persuade the man to come and eat with me. To be perfectly honest I was not too keen on supping with them, remembering as I did the embarrassingly short commons there had been the last time I had had a meal with them. On this occasion I suppose I did not fare too badly: and I trust I did not appear too taken aback when a boy brought round a vegetable dish in which it was just possible to detect a few slices of carrot. Endeavouring to appear perfectly natural I helped myself to half a spoonful... I do wish CM.S. people did not have to live in such a hand to mouth manner. I am certain the standard of their work must be prejudiced by their exiguous means ... During the past week I have heard reviews in five different courts. I have also conducted some inspections. On Thursday I cycled the best part of 30 miles, returning to base in heavy rain. Base that night was a dispensary. It proved a most satisfactory abode ... One of the cases I dealt with last week afforded me some amusement. It was an action taken by a woman against another for damages for defamation of character. Bernice, the plaintiff's, statement was to the point and naively expressed as follows: liThe defendant accused me of having had connection with a man in the gutter. I have not done so. The allegation is rather a defamatory one, hence I am claiming the damage." I awarded Bernice nothing for, on looking into the case, I discovered that she had spoken much more defamatorily to the defendant - and what she said I will spare you ... I have just returned from another contest on the tennis court with Stanley. When we are both in the station at the same time we make a practice of exhausting ourselves in this manner. Four sets of singles can be quite fatiguing. But how good one feels for it after some iced squash and a hot bath! Looking forward to seeing you again soon. Love from Keith.

Humans are a social species, which has both positive and negative consequences for society

 Part 1

Humans are a social species and as such have developed highly advanced capacities to socialize. Humanity has evolved in such a way that it is capable of ensuring that it is able to not only promote its interests, but also those of other species across the planet. Thus, human beings have risen from being prey for other species, to being the apex predator of the planet, and this situation has come about mainly because of their ability to socialize. Socialization has allowed for the establishment of a scenario within which humanity is better able to communicate with one another to such an extent that they have made great achievements. However, while this may be the case, it is essential to note that humanity, because of its ability to socialize, has also shown a capacity for destruction that is unprecedented in the history of the world. Not only have humans developed some of the worst weapons to fight one another, such as nuclear and biological weapons, they have also undertaken courses of action that can only be considered self-destructive, as seen in the manner through which climate change and its resulting effects are not being taken seriously. This paper makes an evaluation of the claim that humans are a social species that have both positive and negative consequences for society.

One of the most fundamental characteristics that mark humanity is their need and ability to socialize. This species seems to have been built to attain socialization, and this can be seen in the manner through which humans will constantly seek out other humans not only for companionship, but also to attain a sense of community (Hardman, 2009). Humans seem to only be able to thrive when they are with other humans, meaning that they cannot attain their full potential without the company of others of their species. It is pertinent to note that because of this characteristic, humans have also been able to establish themselves into societies; a factor that cannot be underestimated. This is because humanity has, through socialization and the establishment of societies, been able to secure for itself a large part of the world. Societies are what makes humans one of the most unique species on the planet because they not only provide these individuals with an environment within which they feel safe, but they also ensure that these individuals are better able to master their environment and establish unique communities. Thus, socialization has allowed humanity to thrive in all environments across the world, from the mildest to the harshest climates. The need and ability to socialize has also allowed for the establishment of an environment within which humans have been able to thrive in a manner that has yet to be achieved by any other species. Socialization can be considered responsible for the establishment of human civilization and the manner through which these civilizations have been able to develop and grow in their uniqueness.

Additionally, the ability of humans to socialize has also established their capacity to help one another. It has allowed members of this species to develop societies that can be considered avenues of mutual assistance. Societies allow individuals within them a place within which they can support one another, as seen through how different talents are brought together for mutual benefit. The specialization in different tasks that is prevalent in society is an aspect of socialization because human beings within such societies are able to make use of their unique talents to advance the course of their communities (Hardman, 2009). Furthermore, in modern society, as the gap between the rich and poor has widened, there has developed attempts by some of those that are wealthier to provide support to the poorer ones through a diversity of philanthropic initiatives. Also, in certain communities, such as those that have Islam as the official religion, individuals that are well off are obligated to support their poorer counterparts as a means of making sure that all individuals have their basic needs fulfilled. Humans, therefore, are a species that because of their ability to socialize, have developed a sense of empathy towards one another. Empathy is a characteristic that is most observed in humans, which shows that despite the considerable differences between the environments in which they live, it remains paramount. It is for this reason that humans are the species that stays with their young for the longest period because the latter are not only helpless at birth, but human parents will often invest considerable time and effort into ensuring that their children grow up in a safe environment. The latter characteristic is one that has allowed humanity to establish strong bonds of community that has ensured the species continues to thrive against all odds.

However, despite the latter being the case, humans, because of their being a social species, also has the capacity to cause great harm to one another. This can be seen through the wars that have taken place throughout human history. Most of the wars or conflicts that have taken place are between human communities as they compete because of pride due to their ethnicity or over resources (Hardman, 2009). Consequently, the human ability to socialize, which has allowed for the establishment of communities, has also led to these communities viewing others as rivals. Conflict is a part of human nature, and this has become prevalent, especially when one considers how this species has established communities with distinct identities. Fighting over resources has been a factor of human existence since the beginning of societies, and it has resulted in the deaths of uncountable individuals. Furthermore, in the process of these conflicts, some human communities have shown a great capacity for violence, as they have undertaken to not only conquer their weaker neighbors, but also exterminate them through genocidal acts. This can be seen in the case of such major events of the modern world as the genocides that took place during the Yugoslav Wars and the Rwanda genocide in the 1990s, among many others throughout human history. The capacity of humanity to cause harm to others is born out of the idea that their community is superior to others, and this was the justification for the European powers colonizing other parts of the world during the age of empires. The colonization process in most cases was undertaken violently, to such an extent that in some parts of the world, the native communities became extinct.

Moreover, the human capacity to cause harm can be seen through the harm it has caused to the environment. The latter can be considered to have also come about because of humans being a social species. The rapid growth of human societies and urban areas created a demand for goods and services that could no longer be sustained through subsistence, hence the development of industrialization and the mass production involved in the provision of these products. Consequently, the continued demand for resources and products has created a situation where considerable harm has been caused to the environment through the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Adams, 2020). The urge to increase human economic output is a driving force in today's globe. This is a process that encompasses both the consumption of commodities and their way of production, and it frequently overlooks the need to promote environmental concerns (Adams, 2020). As a result of this condition, without concern for human beings' living environment, it is becoming increasingly impossible to ensure that it is protected from harm. Human activity is putting significant strain on the planet's natural functioning. This is a critical topic because it entails a scenario in which the varied ecosystems present on Earth may be unable to sustain future generations.

Therefore, it is essential to make sure that there is the promotion of a scenario where it is possible to bring about the creation of initiatives where humans are able to change for the better. This process requires that humanity learn to work together hand in hand as a means of not only preventing causing harm to one another, but also to the environment. The human ability to socialize can therefore be brought to the fore in order to promote the development of strong initiatives aimed at ensuring the prevention of its harmful effects. For example, the issue of preserving diverse ecosystems for the benefit of future generations cannot be taken for granted, and there is an urgent need to promote an effective way of mitigating this problem (Adams, 2020). The latter is an urgent issue which requires cooperation from all sectors of human society in order to be effective. Additionally, humans have the international institutions necessary to ensure that the effects of conflict and climate change are mitigated effectively in order to bring about lasting solutions to these problems. Also, ecologically sustainable behavior patterns are a pertinent means of making sure that there is the achievement of the goal of making all humans responsible for their actions towards the environment. This change in culture, from one dominated by consumerism to one that is environmentally conscious, has the potential of playing an important role in not only bringing about a greater level of sustainability with a diversity of ecosystems intact, but it also allows for a reduction or even elimination of the social inequality that is prevalent in modern society.

In conclusion, humans as a social species are capable of causing both positive and negative consequences for society. They have the capacity to ensure that not only is it possible to achieve great things through working together, but also establishing frameworks of mutual protection and support. However, while the latter may be the case, it is also necessary to consider that humans as a social species cause significant destruction as seen through the senseless violence towards one another during conflicts, and the undertaking of activities that are harmful to the environment. The latter have become matters of serious concern in the modern world to such an extent that there are calls for action to be taken. There is the need to promote the idea that humans have to take advantage of their ability to socialize in order to undertake actions to bring about behavior patterns that ensure environmental sustainability and an end to conflicts with one another.

Part 2

One of the most significant factors concerning the modern world is that conspiracy theories have become more prevalent. This has developed to such an extent that it has to be taken seriously in order for there to be effective means of preventing it from spreading. For most of the human population, conspiracy theories might be difficult to take seriously to such an extent that when individuals hear them, they are more likely to ignore them than to accept them as fact (Byford, 2011). The belief that there are secret masterminds behind events and that there are major cover ups on a global scale is actually a factor that is only chuckled over when heard. However, with the advent of social media, this has become a serious problem. It can be seen in the manner through which the students have readily accepted the belief that tracking devices have been put in their vehicles to monitor them and that the solution is to use their phones when driving. Such conspiracies and belief in them can be considered detrimental to the welfare of the students involved because it creates an environment of fear and risk taking that is in reality nothing to worry about. The recognition of the fact that this theory and others like it might be endangering the lives of students is enough to promote the need to advance initiatives to understand the reasons behind why students believe them. The latter is a challenge that needs to be established as a means of bringing about the promotion of a scenario where there are effective means of reversing their effects on the beliefs of the students involved and instead promote risk aversion behavior when they are driving.

One of the most significant factors that might lead the students to believe the abovementioned conspiracy theory is that they want to maintain control over their lives. This is especially the case where they feel that they do not have control and this sense requires that they take on actions that help them regain it. In this case, they are essentially becoming influenced by a form of bias that enforces their outlook of the world over those that are factual. The human mind has evolved to value consistency and regularity. As a result, when a great crisis occurs, whether locally or nationally, the unexpected unpredictability scares individuals to such an extent that they will want to get back to control. Consequently, these individuals will seek satisfactory explanations for what is happening, even if they are patently incorrect (Byford, 2011). Conspiracy theories appear to supply the answers that these individuals seek. The latter might prove a challenge because it allows individuals the belief in something that makes them comfortable and in control. It reduces their capacity to think beyond the theories that have been presented to them; instead creating a scenario where they are placed in a position of great vulnerability. It is this vulnerability that leads to the problem mentioned; namely driving while on the phone. Most of the information concerning this theory comes from social media, meaning that the students have to be prevented from viewing such sites. This can be done through the school essentially reporting the site and its contents to government regulators so that further action can be taken.

However, this is only the first step, the next one being to encourage group counseling sessions that will allow for the debunking of the conspiracy theories. This process will require that there is the identification of those individuals that believe in the conspiracy and play an active role in its spread. It is noteworthy that such individuals are attracted to the idea of the presence of a huge villain, which is one of the distinguishing characteristics of any conspiracy. Whatever the plot says, they will almost certainly lay the blame at the feet of an underground group that's pulling the strings of the world right under their noses. They can be real, like the government, or fictional, like the Illuminati, but they all play a vital role in the plot. Such beliefs are fueled because a strong belief that only a few people share such a lonely experience (Byford, 2011). Humans are social creatures by nature, and most people do not want to feel like the recluses and outliers that conspiracy theorists sometimes portray. Certainly the internet has solved this dilemma, for better or for worse, as there are now hundreds of social networks where like-minded conspiracy theorists can communicate, discuss their theories and have their beliefs verified by others.

Therefore, there is need to target those students that feel isolated and are therefore susceptible to such theories. Those who are self-conscious are more inclined than others to believe in conspiracy theories, maybe to deflect blame for their failings. Powerlessness, anxiety, solitude, and alienation have all been connected to conspiracy ideas (Byford, 2011). Those who believe they are unimportant cogs in the political, economic, and social wheel are more likely to believe that malevolent forces are at work. Meanwhile, other techniques of addressing misinformation should not be abandoned because they contribute to its reduction. Debunking is exceedingly tough, yet it has the potential to be successful. Rather than just labeling something wrong or misleading, debunkers must explain why it is untrue, pointing attention to deception methods and presenting evidence. It may be more beneficial to inform students about conspiracy ideas ahead of time. It can operate as a preventative measure against disinformation. This strategy alerts individuals to the possibility of disinformation before they believe it. Addressing the students' psychological needs may amplify these impacts. This may make conspiracy theories and other falsehoods less appealing, as well as increase overall well-being. Education disproves conspiracy theories by developing critical thinking and empowering individuals. Other approaches might foster a sense of shared identity, enhancing emotions of belonging and significance. There should be an emphasis on solidarity within the student body and making sure that there is the advancement of means through which students are encouraged to make use of the institution’s counseling services. This will not only combat the effects of loneliness and anxiety that makes students vulnerable to conspiracy theories, but will further enhance their ability to resist the temptation of believing conspiracy theories.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Adams, M. (2020) Anthropocene psychology: Being human in a more-than-human world.   Routledge.

Byford, J. (2011) Conspiracy theories: A critical introduction.   Springer.

Hardman, D. (2009) Judgment and decision making: Psychological perspectives.   John Wiley & Sons.